Abstract
Climate change and urbanization along with uncontrolled development in less developed countries have led to an increased ecosystems’ thermal environment. Some factors such as environmental indices and landscape pattern changes can alter Land Surface Temperature (LST). Thus, the accurate evaluation of the relationship between these factors and LST is considered important for managing ecosystems, especially fragile ones under high stress. The southeast of Iran has witnessed many destructions in the environmental dimension in the past years. Moreover, this region has a low socio-economic situation, which increases the need to study in this region. In the present study, we used Landsat TM5 satellite images (1989), Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS ones (2019), and Google Earth Engine (GEE) system to prepare the maps of temporal-spatial LST changes, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), and selected environmental indices including Normalized Difference Vegetation (NDVI), Built-up (NDBI), Water Indices (NDWI), Land Surface Moisture (LSM) and albedo. Then, the correlation levels of LST with the aforementioned indices were assessed by using Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR), as well as assessing LST variation following LULC change. In addition, the Moran index was used to analyze global and local spatial autocorrelation. The results represented an 8.67-degree increase in the mean LST during 1989–2019. Urban and built-up areas had a significant effect on increasing the temperature of the region. Additionally, water bodies and vegetation cover in the region were the most crucial parameters in LST reduction. All of the applied indices were strongly related to LST (>0.70), while some exhibited more correlation in each year. Further, the highest correlation of LST was observed with LSM and NDBI in 1989, as well as with NDVI and NDWI during 2019. In addition, the Moran index value reduced from 1989 to 2019 (from 0.93 to 0.89). Finally, the region rehabilitation based on sustainable development principles played an important role in the direct and indirect decrease in LST.
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Notes
Chah-nimeh is four large natural wells in the Sistan plain, to which the excess water of the Helmand River is directed by a channel
The 120-day wind of Sistan is a type of wind that blows from the end of May to the end of September in the Sistan region. The duration of this wind is usually 120 to 130 days and sometimes even up to 170 days. This wind causes soil erosion in the Sistan region
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All authors contributed to the study design. Data preparation, extracting satellite images, and analyses were performed by Sajjad Karbalaei Saleh, Saeedeh Ranjbar, and Akram Sanaei. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Akram Sanaei, and Sajjad Karbalaei Saleh. The final version was written by Solmaz Amoushahi. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Saleh, S.K., Sanaei, A., Amoushahi, S. et al. Effect of landscape pattern changes and environmental indices on land surface temperature in a fragile ecosystem in southeastern Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 34037–34053 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24602-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24602-4