Abstract
Mandipropamid, a new fungicide for oomycete disease, has a strong effect on the blight of many crops and has been registered for the treatment of ginseng blight in China. However, no maximum residue limit (MRL) of mandipropamid has been identified for ginseng, and there have been few related studies. We established and verified the analysis method of mandipropamid in ginseng using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method has good linearity and accuracy in the range of 0.002–0.5 mg/kg. The average recovery of mandipropamid was 87.4–101.6%, and the standard deviation was 1.1–4.0. Mandipropamid in ginseng plants and soil rapidly degraded following first-order kinetics models. The degradation dynamics showed that the half-life of mandipropamid in ginseng plant and soil was 13.8–28.0 and 9.8–27.4 d, respectively. After the recommended dose of mandipropamid was applied once, the residual content of mandipropamid in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, red ginseng, ginseng plant, and ginseng soil was < 0.01–0.185, < 0.01–0.265, 0.085–1.544, 0.075–4.800, and < 0.01–0.014 mg/kg, respectively. The dietary risk assessment of mandipropamid on ginseng showed that the risk quotient value was far less than 100%, indicating that the recommended dose of mandipropamid does not cause unacceptable risks to humans. After the recommended dose of mandipropamid was applied once, it did not cause unacceptable risks to humans. This study not only provides a reasonable spray dosage of mandipropamid to ginseng but also offers a reference for the establishment of MRLs in China.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).
References
Bai A, Chen A, Chen W et al (2020) Study on degradation behaviour, residue distribution, and dietary risk assessment of propiconazole in celery and onion under field application. J Sci Food Agric. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10817
Chen J, Tian BH, Lai RL et al (2021) Field efficacy of new mixtures of oxathiapiprolin-mandipropamid 26% SC against to late blight. Agrochemicals 60(02):154–156
Dong KJ, Jeong WM, Goo YM et al (2020) Study on residual characteristics of mandipropamid and metalaxyl-M in Cnidium officinale Makino. Korean J Pestic Sci 24(2):172–179
Fan S, Zhang Z, Su H et al (2020) Panax ginseng clinical trials: current status and future perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 132:110832
Fang Q, Wu R, Hu G et al (2020) Dissipation behavior, residue distribution and risk assessment of three fungicides in pears. J Sci Food Agric 100(4):1757–1763
Farha W, Rahman MM, El-Aty AA et al (2016) Analysis of mandipropamid residual levels through systematic method optimization against the matrix complexity of sesame leaves using HPLC/UVD. Biomed Chromatogr 30(7):990–995
He Y (2008) Mandipropamid; Department of science and education, ministry of agriculture, China [Online]. Available at http://www.fao.org/agriculture/crops/thematic-sitemap/theme/pests/lpe/lpe-m/en/. Accessed 20 Aug 2021
Kwon CH, Chang MI, Im MH et al (2008) Determination of mandipropamid residues in agricultural commodities using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Anal Sci Technol 21(6):518–525
Liu D, Wang XM, Hou ZG et al (2016) Toxicological test and field efficacy of fungicides to Pseudoperonospora cubensis. Agrochemicals 55(05):377–379+386
Malhat FM, Abdallah H (2012) Dissipation and residues of mandipropamid in grape using QuEChERS methodology and HPLC-DAD. ISRN Anal Chem 2012(1):5
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China (2018) NY/788–2018 guideline for the testing of pesticide residues in corps
National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China (2021) National food safety standard—maximum residue limits for pesticides in food: GB 2763–2021
Park TY, Hong M, Sung H et al (2017) Effect of Korean red ginseng in chronic liver disease. J Ginseng Res 41(4):450–455
Siegenthaler TB, Hansen Z (2021) Sensitivity of Phytophthora capsici from Tennessee to mefenoxam, fluopicolide, oxathiapiprolin, dimethomorph, mandipropamid, and cyazofamid. Plant Dis. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-20-1805-RE
Tang Z-H, Wang, et al (2011) Baseline and differential sensitivity to mandipropamid among isolates of Peronophythora litchii, the causal agent of downy blight on litchi. Crop Prot Guildford 3:354–359
Vargas-Pérez M, González FJE, Frenich AG (2020) Dissipation and residue determination of fluopyram and its metabolites in greenhouse crops. J Sci Food Agricult 100(13)
WHO (World Health Organization) (n.d.) Template for the evaluation of chronic exposure (IEDI). Available online https://www.who.int/foodsafety/areas_work/chemical-risks/gems-food/en/. Accessed 25 Oct 2020
Xu G, Jia X, Zhang H et al (2020) Enantioselective fate of mandipropamid in grape and during processing of grape wine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(32):40148–40155
Yang SH, Lee JI, Choi H (2020) Dissipation characteristics of mandipropamid and thiamethoxam for establishment of pre-harvest residue limits in lettuce. J Appl Biol Chem 63(3):267–274
Zhang H, Xiang W et al (2014) Enantioselective determination of carboxyl acid amide fungicide mandipropamid in vegetables and fruits by chiral LC coupled with MS/MS. J Sep Sci 37(3):211–218
Zhang B, Zhao W, Zhang YL et al (2015) Control effect of five kinds of preparations and combinations of cucumber downy mildew and its evaluation. Agrochemical 54(06):456–457+468
Zhang N, Huang X, Guo YL et al (2021) Evaluation of storage period of fresh ginseng for quality improvement of dried and red processed varieties. J Ginseng Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2021.06.007
Funding
Partial funding was received from the Agricultural Industry Standard of the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture (2018) (grant no.: 181721301092371097) and the Special Fund for Ginseng Industry Development of Jilin Province (2015) (grant no.: 201501).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Zhiguang Hou performed interpretation, writing, and review and editing. Xingang Hou performed the data analyses and manuscript preparation and wrote the manuscript. Liping Wei performed the experiments of field experiments and sample collection section. Zhanwen Cao performed the experiments of field experiments and sample collection section. Zhou Lu performed the analysis with constructive discussions. Hanju Liu performed the experiments of field experiments and sample collection section. Zhongbin Lu contributed to the conception of the study and provided assistance through all the experiments.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Ester Heath
Publisher's note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Hou, Z., Hou, X., Wei, L. et al. Degradation and residues of mandipropamid in soil and ginseng and dietary risk assessment in Chinese culture. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 26367–26374 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24024-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24024-2