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Exposure assessment of aflatoxins and zearalenone in edible vegetable oils in Shandong, China: health risks posed by mycotoxin immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in children

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Abstract

Human exposure to aflatoxins (AFs) and zearalenone (ZEA) has not been sufficiently investigated. Here, we analyzed the exposure level and health risks posed by AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2) and ZEA through cooking oil consumption in Shandong, China. The individual daily consumption of cooking oil was calculated through 2745 questionnaires during 2017–2019. The average contamination levels of mycotoxins were estimated by examining 60 cooking oil samples. For the peanut oil, AFs ranged from <0.2 to 274 μg/kg, with a positive rate of 66.6% (20/30). Average levels of 36.62 μg/kg AFB1 and 44.43 μg/kg total AFs were found. Over-the-limit level (20 μg/kg) of AFB1 was detected in 8/30 samples. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) for age-stratified population groups showed that children are facing highest adverse health risk with AFB1 (MOE 5.88–6.39). The liver cancer incidences attributable to AFB1 exposure are non-negligible as 0.896, 0.825, and 0.767 cases per 100,000 for 6–14 age group, 15–17 age group, and adult labor-intensive workers. Over-the-limit level (60 μg/kg) ZEA contamination was detected in 25/30 corn oil samples with a 50th percentile value of 97.95 μg/kg. Our health risk assessment suggested significant health risks of enterohepatic (inflammation and cancer), reproductive, and endocrine systems posed by AFs and ZEA. However, the health risk of immunotoxicity is unclear because currently animal study data are not available for the immunotoxicity induced after long-term exposure. In general, the health risks posed by mycotoxins are non-negligible and long-term mycotoxin surveillance is necessary.

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The datasets used or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

The Health and Family Planning Commission of Shandong Province, China (grant number 2015WS0283) and Supporting Funding for Talent Research from College of Public Health, Shandong University, China (grant number 21320061330000).

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and Academy of Preventive Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250014, China

      Fenghua Li, Yanni Jiao, Lianlong Yu, Fengjia Zheng, Xiaolin Wang, Lin Wang, Tianliang Zhang & Wei Li

    2. Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China

      Xiulan Zhao

    3. Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program and Department of Environmental Health Science, College of Public Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA

      Jia-Sheng Wang

    4. School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Room 9307, Wenhuaxi Road 44, Lixia District, Jinan, 250012, China

      Xianqi Zhao, Xinglan Duan & Jun Zhou

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    1. Fenghua Li
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    Contributions

    F.L., Y.J., T.Z., W.L., J.Z.: conceptualization, experiments, methodology, and data collection. F.L., X.D., X.Z.: writing and data analysis. F.Z., X.W., L.W.: literature collection and data extraction. J-S.W., X.Z.: research advices.

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    Correspondence to Jun Zhou.

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    Highlights

    • Consumption levels of home-made peanut oil and corn oil were investigated through 2745 face-to-face interviews.

    • CAFB1-Max and CZEA-Max in home-made peanut oil and corn oil samples were 108 μg/kg and 261 μg/kg, respectively.

    • The average levels of AFB1 and ZEA in home-made peanut oil were 50.4 μg/kg and 5.2 μg/kg, respectively.

    • Children and teenagers aged from 7 to 17 are facing the highest health risk associated with mycotoxin exposure among all sub-groups.

    The original online version of this article was revised: The correct order of the Author’s affiliations is modified in the original published proof. The Author contribution article note should be removed.

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    Li, F., Zhao, X., Jiao, Y. et al. Exposure assessment of aflatoxins and zearalenone in edible vegetable oils in Shandong, China: health risks posed by mycotoxin immunotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in children. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30, 3743–3758 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22385-2

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