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Integrated toxicity assessment of DEHP and DBP toward aquatic ecosystem based on multiple trophic model assays

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Abstract

To comprehensively understand the toxic risks of phthalates to aquatic ecosystems, we examined the acute toxicity of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-butyl phthalate (DBP) on multiple trophic models, including algae (Chlorella vulgaris), Daphnia magna and fish (Danio rerio, Pseudorasbora parva). Thus, a 15-day zebrafish exposure was conducted to trace the dynamic changes of phthalate-induced toxic effects. Among the four species, D. magna exhibited the strongest sensitivity to both DEHP and DBP, followed by D. rerio and P. parva. C. vulgaris exhibited the lowest sensitivity to phthalates. The sub-chronic zebrafish assay demonstrated that 1000 μg/L DBP induced significant mortality at 15 days post-exposure (dpe), and DEHP exhibited no lethality at the tested concentrations (10–5000 μg/L). Zebrafish hepatic SOD activity and sod transcription levels were inhibited by DBP from 3 dpe, which was accompanied by increased malondialdehyde level, while zebrafish exposed to DEHP exhibited less oxidative damage. Both DEHP and DBP induced time-dependent alterations on Ache activity in zebrafish brains, thus indicating the potential neurotoxicity toward aquatic organisms. Additionally, 1000 μg/L and higher concentration of DBP caused hepatic DNA damage in zebrafish from 7 dpe. These results provide a better understanding of the health risks of phthalate to water environment.

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Acknowledgements

We thank our contributors for their dedication and compliance through the many stages of this research as well as the editors and reviewers whose comments helped to greatly improve this paper.

Funding

This work was supported by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund, CAFS (NO. 2017HY-ZD0201, 2019ZY07, 2020TD11), the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (No. Y2022QC18) and the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2018QNRC001).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Lilai Yuan, Jia Liu, Ying Huang, Gongming Shen, Yingren Li & Xiyan Mu

  2. College of Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People’s Republic of China

    Jia Liu, Sen Pang & Chengju Wang

  3. Institute of Quality Standard and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Xiyan Mu

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  1. Lilai Yuan
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  2. Jia Liu
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  6. Chengju Wang
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  7. Yingren Li
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  8. Xiyan Mu
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, methodology and investigation were performed by Lilai Yuan, Jia Liu, Ying Huang and Sen Pang; data analysis was performed by Gongming Shen, Chengju Wang, Yingren Li and Xiyan Mu. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Lilai Yuan and Xiyan Mu. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Xiyan Mu.

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Yuan, L., Liu, J., Huang, Y. et al. Integrated toxicity assessment of DEHP and DBP toward aquatic ecosystem based on multiple trophic model assays. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 87402–87412 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21863-x

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