Abstract
This study evaluated the improvement of bisphenol A (BPA) elimination through hydrogen sulfite (HS) coupling with persulfate (PS) activated by low amounts of Fe2+. Under the optimum condition (10 μM Fe2+, 0.6 mM HS, 0.8 mM PS, pH = 4.0), 100% BPA (5 μM) was removed within 15 min. Sulfate radical (SO4•−) and singlet oxygen (1O2) were confirmed as the primary active species for BPA degradation in the Fe2+/HS/PS system, and the steady-state concentration of SO4•− and 1O2 was 2.43 × 10−9 M and 1.67 × 10−9 M, respectively. Besides, FeHSO3+ and FeOHSO3H+ were the main iron species in the Fe2+/HS/PS system. The removal potency of BPA depended on the operation parameters, such as chemical reagent dosages, reaction temperature, and the solution initial pH. The impact of NO3−, SO42−, and humic acid (HA) on BPA removal was negligible, whereas Cl−, HCO3−, and HPO42− restrained BPA decomposition. Two injections of HS could improve the limitation of BPA degradation efficiency due to the rapid consumption of HS in the reaction process. The lower removal efficiency of BPA was observed in real water matrices than that in ultrapure water. Whatever, up to 58.1%, 66.3%, 68.1%, and 88.1% of BPA were removed from domestic wastewater, lake water, river water, and tap water within 10 min, respectively. In addition, the BPA degradation process was characterized by the 3D fluorescence spectra technique, which indicated the BPA oxidation intermediates also have fluorescence characteristics. Moreover, 6 intermediate products were identified, and the possible degradation pathways of BPA were proposed. Additionally, the Fe2+/HS/PS system also exerted an excellent performance for the removal of other representative organic contaminants including enrofloxacin, acid orange 7, acetaminophen, and phenol. All results indicated that the Fe2+/HS/PS system could be a promising method for organic pollutant removal.
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Funding
This research was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42067034 and 42067058), the Training Project for Major Academic Disciplines and Technology Leader of Jiangxi Province (20212BCJL23058), the Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation (20202BAB203015 and 20202BAB203014), and the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Eco-geochemistry, Ministry of Natural Resources (ZSDHJJ202004).
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. MN and CY designed all experiments; chemical analysis, experimental data collection, and data curation were performed by SC, MN, CY, LW, MD, and PW; the first draft of the manuscript was written by SC, MN, and CY. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Chen, S., Yan, C., Nie, M. et al. Hydrogen sulfite promoted the activation of persulfate by μM Fe2+ for bisphenol A degradation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 85185–85201 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21801-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21801-x