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Modeling and assessment of CO2 geological storage in the Eastern Deccan Basalt of India

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Abstract

In this study, the CO2 carbonatization potential of the Deccan basalt formation in Eastern India is evaluated by establishing a hydro-chemical field-scale model based on the geological, hydrological, and geochemical parameter of the basalt in the Mandla lobe. The reliable initial mineral thermodynamic parameters are obtained by validating the laboratory scale experiment of CO2-water-basalt reaction with a numerical method. Over 50% of injected carbon mineralized within 140 days for the Deccan basalt in the Mandla lobe, and the majority of CO2 is sequestered as ankerite, siderite, and calcite, which occupy a percent of 65%, 28%, and 7%, respectively. Clay minerals, including smectite and chlorite, are important secondary minerals contributing to the process of CO2 storage in the basaltic reservoir. Clay precipitation can promote the dissolution of silica- and aluminum-rich plagioclase and release Ca2+ to enhance the carbonatization of CO2 to Ca carbonates but competes for Fe2+ and Mg2+ from siderite and magnesite. Clay precipitation also impacts the CO2 carbonatization efficiency by changing the basalt conductivity. CO2 carbonatization efficiency was found to increase with the reduction of injection rate. However, slow flow rate can increase the pore clogging risk and induce large pressure build-up. This is the first field-scale assessment of CO2 mineralization potential of the Deccan basalt, which is one of the largest terrestrial flood basalt formations in the world. The results can provide valuable information and scientific support for India and global carbon mitigation.

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Fig. 1
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source minerals (f, g, h, i) for base_case, case_sm, case_chl and case_ncwp

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Abbreviations

\({r}_{n}\) :

The kinetic reaction rate

\({k}_{n}\) :

The rate constant which is temperature and pH dependent

\({k}_{25}\) :

The reaction rate constant at 25ºC

\({\mathrm{A}}_{n}\) :

The specific reactive surface area per kg H2O of each mineral, cm2/g

\({\Omega }_{n}\) :

The kinetic mineral saturation ratio

E a. :

The activation energy

R :

Gas constants

T :

Absolute temperature, K

nu, H, and OH:

Indicate neutral, acid, and base mechanisms

a :

The activity of the species

\(\upsigma\) :

Power term

i :

Index of the ith grid in the field-scale model

\({\mathrm{\varnothing }}_{0}\) :

The initial porosity of the ith grid

\({k}_{0}\) :

The initial permeability of the ith grid

\({\mathrm{\varnothing }}_{i}\) :

The current porosity of the ith grid

\({k}_{i}\) :

The current permeability of the ith grid

k :

Number of the kth carbonates

l :

The total precipitated carbonates

t :

The injection time, s

\({V}_{i}\) :

The volume of ith grid, m3

\({F}_{k}^{i}\) :

The volume fraction of kth mineral in ith grid, %

\({F}_{n}^{i}\) :

The volume fraction of the inactive grid, %

\({\rho }_{k}\) :

The density of the kth carbonates, kg/m3

\({M}_{k}\) :

The molar weight of the kth carbonates, g

b :

The stoichiometric number of carbon in kth carbonates

\({c}_{\mathrm{co}2\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)}^{\mathrm{inj}},{c}_{\mathrm{hco}3-}^{\mathrm{inj}}\) :

The molar concentration of CO2(aq) and HCO3− in the injected water, mole/kgH2O

\({c}_{\mathrm{co}2\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)}^{\mathrm{ini}},{c}_{\mathrm{hco}3-}^{\mathrm{ini}}\) :

The molar concentration of CO2(aq) and HCO3− in the initial water, mole/kgH2O

r :

The injection rate, kg/s

\({m}_{k}^{t}\) :

The total mass of carbon in precipitated carbonates k at time t, kg

\({{m}_{\mathrm{DIC}}}^{t}\) :

The total DIC at time t, kg

E :

The carbon mineralization efficiency,

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Acknowledgements

We appreciate the help of Professor Shrivastava and his research group in the Department of Geology of Delhi University in India for providing important data for validation of our lab-scale numerical model.

Funding

This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41902253) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan) (No. CUG192716).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Danqing Liu, Fang Liu, Sen Yang & Yilian Li

  2. State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China

    Danqing Liu

  3. Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA

    Ramesh Agarwal

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Contributions

Danqing Liu: conceptualization; methodology; validation; formal analysis; writing—original draft; funding acquisition

Ramesh Agarwal: conceptualization; resources; writing—review and editing; supervision

Fang Liu: investigation, data curation

Sen Yang: data curation

Yilian Li: writing—review and editing

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Correspondence to Danqing Liu.

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Liu, D., Agarwal, R., Liu, F. et al. Modeling and assessment of CO2 geological storage in the Eastern Deccan Basalt of India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 85465–85481 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21757-y

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