Abstract
Plants used for phytoextraction of metals need to tolerate toxicity conditions. Potassium (K) participates in physiological and biochemical processes that can alleviate toxicity by heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd). This study aimed to evaluate the effect of K on photosynthesis and on the changes in the antioxidant system of tanzania guinea grass [Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania (syn. Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq,) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. Jacobs)] under Cd toxicity. Plants were grown in a greenhouse, in nutrient solution, in a randomized complete block design, arranged in a 3 × 4 factorial, with three replications. Plants were supplied with three K levels (0.4 [K deficiency], 6.0, and 11.6 mmol L-1) and exposed to four Cd levels (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mmol L-1). Two plant growth periods were evaluated. High Cd level (1.5 mmol L-1) led to a reduction in net photosynthesis (76%) by causing low stomatal conductance and losses in quantum efficiency of photosystem II. However, high K supply (11.6 mmol L-1) increased the net photosynthesis by 15% in plants exposed to 1.0 mmol L-1 Cd, due to upregulation of proline synthesis. Cd toxicity resulted in increases in lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide concentration (35 and 50%; 25 and 30%, at first and second harvest, respectively) and reduction by 80–100% in activity of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and glutathione reductase in the shoots of the grass. However, the high K supply (11.6 mmol L-1) increased the activity of these enzymes (about 50–75%) and reduced lipid peroxidation (36%), restoring cellular homeostasis. Moreover, high K supply promoted a 25% increase in spermidine and spermine concentrations in the shoots. Therefore, K reduced the Cd-induced oxidative stress and increased the net photosynthesis in tanzania guinea grass by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and proline and polyamines synthesis, which enhances the tolerance of this grass to Cd.
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to the participants of the Plant Mineral Nutrition Research Group at ESALQ-USP for the help in all phases of the research project.
Funding
This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP [Grant no. 20624-4, 2015] and by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. Doctoral fellowship was granted to the first author (Grant no. 142316/2015-6) and research fellowship to the second author (Grant no. 307030/2017-2) by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).This work was supported by Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo - FAPESP [Grant no. 20624-4, 2015] and by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – Brasil (CAPES) – Finance Code 001. Doctoral fellowship was granted to the first author (Grant no. 142316/2015-6) and research fellowship to the second author (Grant no. 307030/2017-2) by the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
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Éllen Cristina Alves de Anicésio: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft, Visualization.
Francisco Antonio Monteiro: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Resources, Writing-Review & Editing, Supervision, Funding acquisition.
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Highlights
• K increases proline synthesis, so restores the net photosynthesis under Cd stress.
• K reduces Cd-induced lipid peroxidation by upregulating antioxidative system.
• High polyamines concentrations provided by high K rates alleviate the Cd stress.
• K supply enhances the tolerance of tanzania guinea grass to Cd toxicity.
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de Anicésio, É.C.A., Monteiro, F.A. Potassium reduces oxidative stress in tanzania guinea grass under cadmium toxicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 1184–1198 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15620-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15620-9