Abstract
Panel data of 234 cities in China from 2011 to 2018 are used to measure the urban shrinkage index. PM2.5 is used as an indicator of haze pollution, and labor supply is the mediator. On this basis, the influence mechanism of haze pollution on urban shrinkage is analyzed theoretically. Next, using the dynamic panel model and the mediating effect model, we empirically examine the impact of urban shrinkage on haze pollution and the mediating effect of labor supply. The main findings are as follows: haze pollution increases the degree of urban shrinkage. Labor supply plays a regulatory role in the process of haze pollution affecting urban shrinkage. The influence of haze pollution on labor supply is significantly negative, that is, haze pollution will result in a decline of the city labor supply. Every 1 percentage point increase in smog pollution will reduce the labor supply by 1.4585 percentage points. The effect of labor supply on urban contraction is significantly negative. According to our research, pertinent policies and suggestions are proposed to reduce both urban shrinkage and haze pollution.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Akimoto H (2003) Global air quality and pollution. Science 302:1716–1719
Baron RM, D. A. K (1986) The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and stastical consideration. J Pers Soc Psychol 51:1173–1182
Blundell R, S. B (1998) Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. J Econ 87(1):115–143
Chen J, Wang B, Huang S, Song M (2020) The influence of increased population density in China on air pollution. Sci Total Environ 735:139456
Cheng K (2016) Spatial overflow effect of haze pollution in China and its influencing factors. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 15(4):1409–1416
Dong F, Zhang S, Long R, Zhang X, Sun Z (2019) Determinants of haze pollution:an analysis from the perspective of spatiotemporal heterogeneity. J Clean Prod 222:768–783
Dubey R, Gunasekaran A, Childe SJ, Papadopolous T, Helo P (2019) Supplier relationship management for circular economy: influence of external pressures and top management commitment. Manag Decis 57(4SI):767–790
Fang X, Li R, Xu Q et al (2016) A two-stage method to estimate the contribution of road traffic to PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing, China. Int J Environ Res Public Health 13(1):124
Feng Y, Huang X, Sun H et al (2015) Framingham risk score modifies the effect of PM10, on heart rate variability. Sci Total Environ 523:146–151
Friedlander SK, W. H. M (1977) Smoke, dust and haze: Fundamentals of aerosol behavior. Phys Today 30(9):58–59
Gan T, Liang W, Yang H, Liao X (2020) The effect of economic development on haze pollution (PM2.5) based on a spatial perspective: urbanization as a mediating variable. J Clean Prod 266:121880
Lee JY (2015) Long-term trends in visibility and its relationship with mortality, air-quality index, and meteorological factors in selected areas of Korea. Aerosol Air Qual Res 15(2):673–681
Li M, L. Z (2014) Haze in China: Current and future challenges. Environ Pollut 189(12):85–86
Li L, Qian J, Ou CQ et al (2014) Spatial and temporal analysis of Air Pollution Index and its timescale-dependent relationship with meteorological factors in Guangzhou, China, 2001-2011. Environ Pollut 190(7):75
Li L, Liu X, Ge J, Chu X, Wang J (2019) Regional differences in spatial spillover and hysteresis effects: A theoretical and empirical study of environmental regulations on haze pollution in China. J Clean Prod 230:1096–1110
Liu XH (2018) Dynamic evolution, spatial spillover effect of technological innovation and haze pollution in China. Energy Environ 29(6):968–988
Liu Z, Liu S, Song Y (2020) Understanding urban shrinkage in china: developing a multi-dimensional conceptual model and conducting empirical examination from 2000 to 2010. Habitat Int 104:102256
Liu XH, Zhao T, Chang C-T, Fu CJ (2021) China’s renewable energy strategy and industrial adjustment policy. Renew Energy 170:1382–1395
Lym Y (2021) Exploring dynamic process of regional shrinkage in ohio: a bayesian perspective on population shifts at small-area levels. Cities 115(2):103228
MacKinnon DP, Krull JL, Lockwood CM (2000) Equivalence of the mediation, confounding and suppression effect. Prev Sci 1(4):173–181
Martinez FC, Weyman T, Fol S et al (2016) Shrinkage cities in Australia Japan, Europe and the USA: from a global process to local policy responses. Prog Plan 105:1–48
Mazeikis A (2013) Urbanization influence on meteorological parameters of air pollution: vilnius case study. Baltica 26(1):51–56
Murdoch III (2018) Specialized vs. diversified: The role of neighbourhood economies in shrinkage cities. Cities 75:30–37
Oswalt P, Rieniets T, Schirmel H et al (2006) Atlas of shrinkage cities. Int J Urban Reg Res 36(2):213–225
Quah E, T. L. B (2003) The economic cost of particulate air pollution on health in Singapore. J Asian Econ 14(1):73–90
Reckien D, F. C. M (2011) Why Do Cities Shrink? Eur Plan Stud 19(8):1375–1397
Reis JP, Silva EA, Pinho P (2015) Spatial metrics to study urban patterns in growing and shrinkage cities. Urban Geogr 37(2):246–271
Roodman D (2009) How to do xtabond2: an introduction to Difference and system GMM in Stata. Stata J 9:86–13
Schilling J, J. L (2008) Greening the rust belt: a green infrastructure model for right sizing America's shrinkage cities. J Am Plan Assoc 74(4):451–466
Shi H, Wang Y, Chen J, Huisingh D (2016) Preventing haze crises in China and globally. J Clean Prod 112:1261–1271
Tai AP, Mickley LJ, Jacob DJ (2010) Correlations between fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and meteorological variables in the United States: Implications for the sensitivity of PM2.5 to climate change. Atmos Environ 44(32):3976–3984
Van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Brauer M et al (2010) Global estimates of ambient fine Particulate Matter concentrations from satellite-Based aerosol optical depth: development and application. Environ Health Perspect 118(6):847–855
Whiteman CD, Hoch SW, Horel JD et al (2014) Relationship between particulate air pollution and meteorological variables in Utah's Salt Lake Valley. Atmos Environ 94:742–753
Xu B, B. L (2016) Regional differences of pollution emissions in China: contributing factors and mitigation strategies. J Clean Prod 112(4):1454–1463
Zhang F, Wang F, Yao S (2021) High-speed rail accessibility and haze pollution in China: a spatial econometrics perspective. Transp Res Part D: Transp Environ 94:102802
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Philosophy and society project of universities in Jiangsu Province(No.2020SJA0492.
Funding
This research is sponsored by the Philosophy and society project of universities in Jiangsu Province(2020SJA0492.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Xiaohong Liu conceived the study idea and designed the research framework, wrote the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, X. The influence of urban haze pollution on urban shrinkage in China—an analysis of the mediating effect of the labor supply. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 63297–63304 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15025-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15025-8