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Analysis and health risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in indoor dust of preschool and elementary school centers in city of Tehran, Iran

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Abstract

Individuals spend a lot of time indoors; thus they are generally exposed to phthalates used in consumer products. Therefore, those exposed to phthalates as indoor contaminants are at high risks. The present study was conducted to evaluate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic hazard of phthalate esters (PAEs), like dimethyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, di(nbutyl) phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in the dust obtained from 21 schools in Tehran, in 2019. A total of 63 indoor dust specimens were obtained by a vacuum cleaner. After transferring dust samples to the laboratory, 100 mg of each sample was centrifuged and mixed with 20 ml acetone and kept through a night and ultrasonicated within 30 min. Eventually, PAEs’ contents were measured via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the findings, median concentrations of DMP, DEP, DnBP, BBP, DEHP, and DnOP were 0.90, 0.10, 6.0, 0.20, 118.30, and 4.10 mg kg−1 respectively. Moreover, the overall average daily exposure doses (ADD) of phthalate esters via dust ingestion, skin contact, and inhalation were 1.56E-03, 1.70E-06, and 1.56E-07 mg kg−1 day−1, respectively, and the lifetime average daily exposure doses (LADD) were 1.83E-04, 2.34E-08, and 2.46E-08 mg kg−1 day−1, respectively; thus ingestion of dust particles was found to be the main pathway of exposure to phthalate for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. Although based on the results, the studied samples were below the US Environmental Protection Agency threshold of 1.00E-06, due to the disadvantages of phthalates in human safety, these kinds of investigations are helpful in understanding the main ways of exposure to PAEs and providing a science-based framework for the future attempts for mitigating the PAEs indoor emissions.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, for providing facilities to conduct and complete this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of the Environment, College of Basic Sciences, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran

    Somayeh Abdi, Soheil Sobhanardakani, Bahareh Lorestani & Mehrdad Cheraghi

  2. Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

    Homayon Ahmad Panahi

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  1. Somayeh Abdi
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All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by Somayeh Abdi, Soheil Sobhan Ardakani, Bahareh Lorestani, Mehrdad Cheraghi, and Homayon Ahmad Panahi. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Somayeh Abdi and Soheil Sobhan Ardakani, and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. The corresponding author ensures that all listed authors have approved the manuscript before submission, including the names and order of authors.

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Correspondence to Soheil Sobhanardakani.

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Abdi, S., Sobhanardakani, S., Lorestani, B. et al. Analysis and health risk assessment of phthalate esters (PAEs) in indoor dust of preschool and elementary school centers in city of Tehran, Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 61151–61162 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14845-y

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