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Organic and aqueous extraction of lipids from birch pollen grains exposed to gaseous pollutants

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Abstract

The lipid fraction of birch pollen grains (BPGs) is not yet fully described, although pollen lipid molecules may play a role in the allergic immune response. The mechanisms by which atmospheric pollutants modify allergenic pollen grains (PGs) are also far from being elucidated despite high potential effects on allergic sensitization. This work is a contribution to a better description of the lipid profile (both external and cytoplasmic) of BPGs and of alterations induced by gaseous air pollutants. Several lipid extractions were performed using organic and aqueous solvents on BPGs following exposure to ozone and/or nitrogen dioxide and under conditions favoring the release of internal lipids. Ozone reacted with alkenes to produce aldehydes and saturated fatty acids, while nitrogen dioxide was shown to be unreactive with lipids. NO2 exhibited a protective effect against the reactivity of alkenes with ozone, probably by competition for adsorption sites. The decreased reactivity of ozone during simultaneous exposure to NO2/O3 raised the possibility of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. Oxidation reactions induced by exposure of BPGs to ozone did not substantially modify the extraction of lipids by aqueous solvent, suggesting that the bioaccessibility of lipids was not modified by oxidation. On the contrary, the rupture of PGs appeared to be a key factor in enhancing the bioaccessibility of bioactive lipid mediators (linoleic and α-linolenic acids) in an aqueous solution. The internal lipid fraction of BPGs has specific characteristics compared with external lipids, with more abundant hexadecanoic acid, tricosanol, and particularly unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and α-linolenic acids). Several mechanisms of action of gaseous pollutants on allergenic pollen were identified in this study: gaseous air pollutants can (i) modify the external lipid fraction by reactivity of alkenes, (ii) adsorb on the surface of PGs and be a source of oxidative stress after inhalation of PGs, and (iii) promote the release of cytoplasmic bioactive lipids by facilitating pollen rupture.

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Data availability

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

This research was funded by the Université de Lille, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Institut de Recherches Pluridisciplinaires en Sciences de l’Environnement (IREPSE Fed 4129), the French National Research Agency (ANR) through the PIA (Programme d’Investissement d’Avenir) under contract ANR-11-LABX-005-01 (Chemical and Physical Properties of the Atmosphere), and the research Project CLIMIBIO (the French Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, the Hauts de France Region and the European Funds for Regional Economic Development).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8522 - PC2A - Physicochimie des Processus de Combustion et de l’Atmosphère, F-59000, Lille, France

    Jinane Farah, Sylvie Gosselin & Nicolas Visez

  2. Université Libanaise, Faculté de Santé Publique Section III, Laboratoire des Sciences de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (L.S.E.E), Tripoli, Lebanon

    Jinane Farah

  3. University Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516 - LASIRE - Laboratoire de Spectroscopie pour les Interactions, la Réactivité et l’Environnement, F-59000, Lille, France

    Marie Choël

  4. University Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 9017 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000, Lille, France

    Patricia de Nadaï & Joanne Balsamelli

  5. Université de Lille, PC2A bâtiment C11, Cité Scientifique, 596555, Villeneuve d’Ascq, France

    Nicolas Visez

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Conceptualization: NV, MC. Investigation: JF, JB, SG. Methodology: SG, JF, NV, MC, PdN. Project administration: NV, MC, PdN. Resources: SG, JB. Supervision: NV, MC, PdN. Vizualization: JF, MC. Writing—original draft: NV, MC, JF. Writing—review and editing: NV, PdN, SG.

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Farah, J., Choël, M., de Nadaï, P. et al. Organic and aqueous extraction of lipids from birch pollen grains exposed to gaseous pollutants. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 34527–34538 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12940-8

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