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Causes of heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Tuticorin industrial block, Tamil Nadu, India

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Abstract

Groundwater is the major freshwater resource in urban and rural areas of India that provides potable water. The quality evaluation of existing groundwater resources is vital and it’s quantity for the optimal utilization and maintenance. The bounding coordinates of the selected study area of Tuticorin industrial area is between 8°38’24” and 8°51’0” latitude and between 77°54’36” and 78°12’36” longitude. Groundwater samples were collected as grid form at 40 locations during the pre- and postmonsoon seasons in the year 2017. Fe, Zn, Co, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cr, and Cu metal concentrations were determined using AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer)–Perkin Elmer makes the model AAnalyst 200. Most of the groundwater samples were exceeded by the WHO 2008; USEPA 2009; and BIS 2012 guideline for drinking water standards. Further to assess the groundwater pollution status based on the heavy metal indices such as heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), degree of contamination (DOC), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI). Statistical analyses to found the appropriateness of groundwater for consumption and factors of contamination. The evaluation results indicate that groundwater is highly deteriorated and unsuitable for drinking in premonsoon period. While evaporation of water which increases the heavy metal concentration in premonsoon and dilution factor was affected in postmonsoon season. The increased concentration of heavy metals in groundwater might have been caused by evaporation, anthropogenic activities, and dissolution of rock formations which poses risk to human health. If this kind of growing contamination in the groundwater is unattended, it may lead to various health issues to the people from this region. Therefore, a consistent and sustainable water management should be carried out in this region in order to improve the groundwater quality.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, for the support and infrastructures provided for this study.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Funding

This article has been written with the financial support of RUSA, Phase 2.0 grant sanctioned vide letter No. 24-51/2014-U, Policy (TNMulti-Gen), Department of Education, Government of India, dated September 10, 2018.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630003, India

    Sivakumar Karthikeyan1 & Prabakaran Kulandaisamy

  2. Department of Geology, Malankara Catholic College, Manonmanium Sundaranar University, Kanyakumari, 629153, India

    Shanmugasundaram Arumugam

  3. Department of Applied Geology, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600025, India

    Jayaprakash Muthumanickam & Ramachandran Annadurai

  4. Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, 628008, India

    Muthusamy Subramanian & Selvam Sekar

  5. Environmental Quality, Atmospheric Science and Climate Change Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Venkatramanan Senapathi

  6. Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 630003, Vietnam

    Venkatramanan Senapathi

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  1. Sivakumar Karthikeyan1
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  8. Selvam Sekar
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Contributions

Sivakumar Karthikeyan: methodology; writing—original draft preparation

Shanmugasundaram Arumugam: methodology; formal analysis and investigation

Jayaprakash Muthumanickam: conceptualization; methodology; supervision

Prabakaran Kulandaisamy: writing—review and editing

Muthusamy Subramanian: formal analysis and investigation

Ramachandran Annadurai: formal analysis and investigation

Venkatramanan Senapathi: methodology; writing—review and editing

Selvam Sekar: writing—review and editing

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Correspondence to Sivakumar Karthikeyan1.

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Karthikeyan1, S., Arumugam, S., Muthumanickam, J. et al. Causes of heavy metal contamination in groundwater of Tuticorin industrial block, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 18651–18666 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11704-0

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