Abstract
Air pollution is one of the biggest global environmental problems in urban regions. This study aimed to investigate the validity of the relationship between air pollution and respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalization using time series methods. This time series study was conducted in Isfahan, Iran. We used data of hospitalized cases in three main university hospitals (Alzahra, Noor, Chamran) and air pollution data from 2014 to 2016. We applied the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach of cointegration to examine the relationship between the air pollution and hospitalizations of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The results of air quality assessment on the number of respiratory and cardiovascular hospitalization demonstrate that in the case of cardiovascular disease, both in the long run and in the short run, the air quality index has a significant impact on men and women with a bigger impact in the long run compared to the short run. The value of the long-run coefficient indicates the relationship between air pollution index and cardiovascular hospitalization is stronger than respiratory hospitalizations. In the long term, the effect of the air quality index (AQI) on the number of hospitalizations is more than that in the short term. Based on the results, a 10-unit increase in AQI leads to 5.3% increase in the number of respiratory hospitalization. Accordingly, a 10-unit increase in AQI will result in 7.3% increase in the number of cardiovascular hospitalizations.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amini H, Nhung NT, Schindler C, Yunesian M, Hosseini V, Shamsipour M, Hassanvand MS, Mohammadi Y, Farzadfar F, Vicedo-Cabrera AM, Schwartz J (2019) Short-term associations between daily mortality and ambient particulate matter, nitrogen dioxide, and the air quality index in a Middle Eastern megacity. Environ Pollut 254:113121
Arize A (2017) Convenient method for the estimation of ARDL parameters and test statistics: USA trade balance and real effective exchange rate relation. Int Rev Econ Financ 50:75–84
Bahmani-Oskooee M, Goswami GG (2003) A disaggregated approach to test the J-curve phenomenon: Japan versus her major trading partners. J Econ Financ 27:102–113
Bayat R, Ashrafi K, Shafiepour Motlagh M, Hassanvand M, Daroudi R, Fink G et al (2019) Health impact and related cost of ambient air pollution in Tehran. Environ Res 176:108547
Devos S, Cox B, Dhondt S, Nawrot T, Putman K (2015) Cost saving potential in cardiovascular hospital costs due to reduction in air pollution. Sci Total Environ 527:413–419
Fann N, Baker KR, Fulcher CM (2012a) Characterizing the PM2. 5-related health benefits of emission reductions for 17 industrial, area and mobile emission sectors across the US. Environ Int 49:141–151
Fann N, Lamson AD, Anenberg SC, Wesson K, Risley D, Hubbell BJ (2012b) Estimating the national public health burden associated with exposure to ambient PM2. 5 and ozone. Risk Anal 32(1):81–95
Gupta U (2008) Valuation of urban air pollution: a case study of Kanpur City in India. Environ Resour Econ 41(3):315–326
Hendry DF (1995) Dynamic econometrics. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Hosseinpoor AR, Forouzanfar MH, Yunesian M, Asghari F, Naieni KH, Farhood D (2005) Air pollution and hospitalization due to angina pectoris in Tehran, Iran: a time-series study. Environ Res 99(1):126–131
Hunt A, Ferguson J (2010) A review of recent policy-relevant findings form the environmental health literature. OECD, Paris
Hunt A, Ferguson J, Hurley F, Searl A (2016) Social costs of morbidity impacts of air pollution. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) Environment Working Paper 99. OECD, Paris
Khajavi A, Khalili D, Azizi F, Hadaegh F (2019) Impact of temperature and air pollution on cardiovascular disease and death in Iran: a 15-year follow-up of Tehran lipid and glucose study. Sci Total Environ 661:243–250
Kwon H, Cho SH, Chun Y, Lagarde F, Pershagen G (2002) Effects of the Asian dust events on daily mortality in Seoul, Korea. Environ Res 90(1):1–5
Lu X, Yao T, Fung JC, Lin C (2016) Estimation of health and economic costs of air pollution over the Pearl River Delta region in China. Sci Total Environ 566:134–143
Maddison D (2005) Air pollution and hospital admissions an ARMAX modelling approach. J Environ Econ Manag 49:116–131
Narain U, Sall C (2016) Methodology for valuing the health impacts of air pollution: discussion of challenges and proposed solutions. Working Paper 106607. World Bank, Washington DC
Othman J, Sahani M, Mahmud M, Ahmad MKS (2014) Transboundary smoke haze pollution in Malaysia: inpatient health impacts and economic valuation. Environ Pollut 189:194–201
Pervin T, Gerdtham U-G, Lyttkens CH (2008) Societal costs of air pollution-related health hazards: a review of methods and results. Cost Eff Resour Allocation 6(1):19
Pesaran MH, Shin Y (1999) An autoregressive distributed lag-modeling approaches to cointegration analysis. Econometrics and economics theory in the 20th century: the Ragnar Frisch Centennial Symposium. Strom S.-Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ (2001) Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. J Appl Econ 16:289–326
Poursafa P, Kelishadi R, Lahijanzadeh A, Modaresi M, Javanmard SH, Assari R, Amin MM, Moattar F, Amini A, Sadeghian B (2011) The relationship of air pollution and surrogate markers of endothelial dysfunction in a population-based sample of children. BMC Public Health 11(1):115
Roemer W, Hoek G, Brunekreef B (2000) Pollution effects on asthmatic children in Europe. The PEACE Study. Clin Exp Allergy 30:1067–1075
Tursoy F (2018) The impact of gold and crude oil prices on stock market in Turkey: empirical evidences from ARDL bounds test and combined co-integration. Resour Policy 55:49–54
Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group(2018) Air pollution in Tehran: health costs, sources, and policies discussion paper. Environment and natural resources global practice discussion paper; No. 6
Wooldridge JM (2016) Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. Nelson Education
https://www.oecd.org/environment/tools-evaluation/the-cost-of-air-pollution-9789264210448-en.htm
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Mrs. Maghsoudian and her colleagues in Alzahra Hospital; Mrs. Khoonsari and her colleagues in the Department of IT, Khorshid (Noor) Hospital; and also Fatemeh Farzin, PhD student at Trabiat Modarres University, for their collaboration.
Funding
This research was financially supported by Isfahan University of Medical Sciences under Grant Number 294178.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Philippe Garrigues
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Appendix
Appendix
Plot of CUSUM of square tests
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abedi, A., Baygi, M.M., Poursafa, P. et al. Air pollution and hospitalization: an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27, 30673–30680 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09152-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09152-x