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Biomonitorization of metal ions in the serum of Iranian patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances in comparison with controls in eastern Iran

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Abstract

The present study aimed to assess the level of metal ions [chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn)] in the serum of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances. One hundred samples (32 males, 68 females) were collected from patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment for different periods. A reference (control) group (24 males, 16 females) who had no appliances was used to properly evaluate the changes in the level of these elements in orthodontic appliance users. The element concentrations were measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Higher concentrations of metal ions (except for Cr) were found in the serum of the orthodontic group. Bivariate scatter plot showed a highly significant (p < 0.001) correlation between Ni and other elements. The duration of orthodontic treatment increased significantly the Ni levels whereas the bracket type was found to have no significant impact on altering the concentration level of metal ions. The results of the SEM-EDS showed a high variation in the level of metal ions in the brackets and wires. In conclusion, fixed orthodontic appliances increased serum levels of Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu but did not change Cr levels.

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to gratefully acknowledge all of our colleagues at the Density Research Center (DRC) of Birjand University of Medical Sciences who contributed greatly to this study. Moreover, the authors thank Mr. Alireza Amirabadi and Mr. Ali Farahi for their technical assistance.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

This study was supported by the Birjand University of Medical Sciences (Grant number BUMS.1398.109).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

    Mahdjoube Goldani Moghadam

  2. Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

    Reyhane Hoshyar

  3. Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA

    Reyhane Hoshyar

  4. Department of Dentofacial Orthopaedics and Orthodontics, Division of Facial Abnormalities, Medical University of Wrocław, Krakowska 26, 50-425, Wroclaw, Poland

    Marcin Mikulewicz

  5. Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wroclaw, Poland

    Katarzyna Chojnacka

  6. Council for Nutritional and Environmental Medicine, Mo i Rana, Norway

    Geir Bjørklund

  7. Diabetes Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium

    Joeri J. Pen

  8. Department of Nutrition, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium

    Joeri J. Pen

  9. Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nammam Ali Azadi

  10. Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Maghdad Pirsaheb

  11. Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran

    Meysam Dashtaki

  12. Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Borhan Mansouri

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  1. Mahdjoube Goldani Moghadam
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  2. Reyhane Hoshyar
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  3. Marcin Mikulewicz
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  4. Katarzyna Chojnacka
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  5. Geir Bjørklund
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  6. Joeri J. Pen
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  7. Nammam Ali Azadi
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  8. Maghdad Pirsaheb
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Correspondence to Borhan Mansouri.

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The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Birjand University of Medical Sciences (IR.BUMS.REC.1398.109).

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Moghadam, M.G., Hoshyar, R., Mikulewicz, M. et al. Biomonitorization of metal ions in the serum of Iranian patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances in comparison with controls in eastern Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26, 33373–33386 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06414-1

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