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Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan to glochidia of the freshwater mussel Hyriopsis bialata Simpson, 1900

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Abstract

The acute toxicity of carbosulfan and chlorpyrifos in formulated pesticides to glochidia (larvae) of the freshwater mussel (Hyriopsis bialata Simpson, 1900) was evaluated under static conditions in moderately hard dechlorinated tap water. Measured pesticide concentrations were 26 to 34% lower than nominal concentrations; therefore, all results are expressed in terms of measured active ingredient. Carbosulfan was relatively non-toxic to the mussel larvae with median effective concentrations (EC50) of carbosulfan at 24 and 48 h greater than 0.10 mg/L. The EC50s of chlorpyrifos at 24 and 48 h were 0.083 and 0.078 mg/L, respectively (measured concentrations). The 48-h EC50 of a combined exposure to a mixture of chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan at a constant ratio of 2.9:1 was 0.0142:0.049 mg CP:CB/L. In a separate experiment, the effect of water hardness on carbosulfan, chlorpyrifos, or a combined exposure was assessed using glochidia exposed to either soft, moderately hard, or hard reconstituted water. There was no effect of water hardness on the survival of glochidia after 24- or 48-h exposure to carbosulfan. The chlorpyrifos 48-h EC50s in soft water, moderately hard water, and hard water were 0.18, 0.11, and 0.16 mg/L, respectively. The data indicate that the lowest water hardness resulted in the highest survival of glochidia, whereas an increase to moderate water hardness resulted in significantly decreased survival of glochidia (F = 15.5, P < 0.05). The EC50s of a combined exposure at 48 h in soft water, moderately hard water, and hard water were 0.124:0.044, 0.132:0.047, and 0.064:0.022 mg CP:CB/L, respectively. The data indicate that the combined toxicity was lowest at low and moderate water hardness, whereas an increase to high water hardness resulted in a significantly decreased survival of glochidia. After 48 h, the toxicity of the combined chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan exposure in soft and hard water was greater than that of chlorpyrifos alone.

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Acknowledgements

The research was a part of the project grant provided by the Development and Promotion of Science and Technology Talents Project, Graduate School (Kasetsart University), Department of Zoology (Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University), and the Faculty of Science (Kasetsart University). We thank Mrs. Pakasinee Klaimala, Science Research and Development, Department of Agriculture, Thailand, for her advice on the toxicant database.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

    Akkarasiri Sangsawang & Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi

  2. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd, Hamilton, 11115, New Zealand

    Susan J. Clearwater & Karen Thompson

  3. Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bansomdejchaopraya Rajabhat University, Bangkok, 10600, Thailand

    Satit Kovitvadhi

  4. Department of Fishery Biology, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 10900, Thailand

    Kriengkrai Satapornvanit

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  1. Akkarasiri Sangsawang
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Correspondence to Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi or Susan J. Clearwater.

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Sangsawang, A., Kovitvadhi, U., Clearwater, S.J. et al. Acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and carbosulfan to glochidia of the freshwater mussel Hyriopsis bialata Simpson, 1900. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 21361–21374 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9759-x

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