Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation, and bioavailability of heavy metals in sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring

  • Aquatic organisms and biological responses to assess water contamination and ecotoxicity
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The aim of the present work was to extend our knowledge on the variability of trace metals in sea urchin tissues, focusing on seasonal fluctuations (2010 February for “winter,” May for “spring,” August for “summer,” November for “autumn”) in the three different sampling sites of Algerian west coast (Oran Harbor (S1), Ain Defla (S2), and Hadjaj (belonging to Mostaganem City S3)). For this purpose, the bioavailability (metal indices) and bioaccumulation (metal concentrations in soft tissues) of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd), the physiological characteristics (e.g., biological indices such as condition index (CI), repletion index (RI), gonad index (GI)), and the biometric parameters (diameter (D) and the height (H)) of sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus were assessed and related to seasons and sites. To investigate the metal bioavailability to sea urchins more precisely, the metal indices were used as a reliable tool in the present work, instead of the metal concentrations only. The interest to standardize metal concentrations with the weight of the urchin test is to overcome the metal burden variations in the soft tissues of urchin related to the seasonal weight changes of the soft body of animal. We evidence that the most contaminated sites were S1 and S2. Furthermore, it should be noted that the bioavailability of metals, corresponding to the values of metal indices, is also more pronounced in S1 and S2 compared to that measured in S3. Thus, a correlation is observed between seasonal metal content in urchin tissues from the three sites and the corresponding metal indices. The high metal concentrations were obtained during the period when RI and CI were highest. So, it appears that the bioaccumulation of metals in sea urchins of the three sites studied is significantly influenced by the reproductive cycle and diet, feeding activity, and physiological state of these organisms. We noticed that the sea urchins from the sites S1 and S2 were small in size. It is probable that these animals, whose internal tissues contained high concentrations of metals, have been exposed to metal pollution, which might have affected both their growth and altered their physiological capacity. This approach is very original and might be used in the monitoring of the quality of coastal waters, and the present work provided a useful data set for Mediterranean monitoring network.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • AERMC (1997) Le port. Agence de l’Eau RMC, Impact de la plaisance sur la qualité des eaux du littoral méditerranéen. BCEOM/Mars 1997, 64 350 C/PM pp. 118

  • Aminot A, Chaussepied M (1983) Manual for chemical analyses in marine environment. In: Publications of the National Center for Exhibition (ed) . Oceans Oceanographic center of Brittany, Brest, p 95

    Google Scholar 

  • Andral B, Stanisiere JY, Sauzade D, Damier E, Thebault H, Galgani F, Boissery P (2004) Monitoring chemical contamination levels in the Mediterranean based on the use of mussel caging. Mar Poll Bull 49:704–712

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andral B, Galgani F, Tomasino C, Bouchoucha M, Blottière C, Scarpato A, Benedicto J, Deudero S, Calvo M, Cento A, Benbrahim S, Oulahdid M, Sammari C (2011) Chemical contamination baseline in the western basin of the Mediterranean Sea based on transplanted mussels. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 61:261–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arafa S, Chhouaibi M, Sadok S, El Abed A (2012) The influence of season on the gonad index and biochemical composition of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from the golf of Tunis. Sci World J 2012(815935):8

    Google Scholar 

  • Auernheimer C, Chinchon S (1997) Calcareous skeletons of sea urchins as indicators of heavy metals pollution. Portman Bay, Spain Environ Geol 29:78–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Augier H, Park W, Ramonda G (1992) Study of geographical and seasonal metal content variation in different parts of the edible sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk), from three provençal Tet Areas 75–89

  • Augier H, Desmerger R, Egea M, Imbert E, Park WK, Ramonda G, Santimone M (1994) Study of heavy metal contamination in harbour-industrial zone of the gulf of Fos-sur-Mer (Mediterranean, France), using biological indicators (mussels and sea urchins). Mar Life 4(2):59–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Benedicto J, Andral B, Martínez-Gómez C, Deudero S, Centod A, Scarpato A, Caixach J, Benbrahim S, Chouba L, Boulahdidi M, Galgani F (2011) A large-scale survey of trace metal levels in coastal waters of the Western Mediterranean basin using caged mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Journal of Environmental Monitoring, May 2011 13(5):1495–1505. doi:10.1039/C0EM00725K

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benzaoui MY, Bentaallah MEA, Ben Naoum BE, Kerfouf A, Boutiba Z (2015) Heavy metals (Hg, Cd, Pb) concentrations on Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) in Oran coastal waters (Western Algeria): new evidences. J Appl Environ Biol Sci 5(6):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Borchardt T, Burchert S, Hablizel H, Karbe L, Zeitner R (1988) Trace metal concentrations in mussels: comparison between estuarine, coastal and offshore regions in the southeastern North Sea from 1983 to 1986. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 42:17–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borghini M, Bryden H, Schroeder K, Sparnocchia S, Vetrano A (2014) The Mediterranean is becoming saltier. Ocean Sci 10:693–700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boucetta S, Beldi H, Draredja B (2016) Seasonal variation of heavy metals in Phorcus (Osilinus) turbinatus (Gastropod, Trochidae) in the eastern Algerian coast. Global Veterinaria 17(1):25–41. doi:10.5829/idosi.gv.2016.17.01.104129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capuzzo JM, Farrigton JW, Rantamaki P, Offord CH, Lancaster BA, Leavitt DF, Jia X (1989) The relationship between lipid composition and seasonal differences in the distribution of PCBs in Mytilus edulis. Mar Environ Res 28:259–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Casas, S (2005) Modélisation de la bioaccumulation de métaux traces (Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu et Zn) chez la moule, Mytilus galloprovincialis, en milieu méditerranéen. Doctorat de l’université du Sud Toulon Var. Spécialité: Océanologie biologique, Environnement marin, France pp. 363

  • Cellario C, Fenaux L (1990) Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) in culture (larval and benthic phases): parameters of growth observed during two years following metamorphosis. Aquaculture 84:173–188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chenelot HA, Iken K, Konar B, Edwards M (2007) Spatial and temporal distribution of echinoderms in rocky and near shore areas of Alaska. PLoS One 5:137–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke GM (1993) Fluctuating asymmetry of invertebrate populations as a biological indicator of environmental quality. Environ Pollut 82:207–211

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cossa D (1989) A review of the use of Mytilus spp as quantitative indicators of cadmium and mercury contamination in coastal waters. Oceanol Acta 1989(12):417–432

    Google Scholar 

  • Del Pilar Ruso Y, de la Ossa JA, Giménez F, Sánchez-Lizaso JL (2010) Sewage treatment level and flow rates affect polychaete assemblages. Mar Pollut Bull 60:1930–1938

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delmas P, Regis MB (1984) Influence d’une pollution complexe à dominante domestique sur les populations de l’échinoïde comestible Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck). Vie marine 6:63–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermeche S, Chahrour FM, Boutiba Z (2006) Contribution à l’étude des variations des Indices physiologiques (indice de réplétion-indice gonadique et sex-ratio) chez la copulation d’oursins comestibles Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816) du littoral occidental algérien. Eur J Sci Res 30:153–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Dermeche S, Chahrour F, Boutiba Z (2012) Evaluation of the toxicity of metal pollutants on embryonic development of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata Echinoidea). Biodiversity Journal 3(3):165–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas DO, Seneca J (2001) Economic losses from marine pollution, a handbook for assessment. ISBN: 9781559636094, pp. 203

  • Estácio FJ, García-Diego EM, García-Gómez DA, Daza JL, Hortas F, Gómez-Ariza JL (1997) Ecological analysis in a polluted area of Algeciras Bay (Southern Spain): external ‘versus’ internal outfalls and environmental implications. Mar Pollut Bull 34:780–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fenaux L (1980) Cycles saisonniers de reproduction et croissance larvaire chez les Echinodermes. Océanis 6(3):277–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez C (1993) Contribution à l’élaboration des bases scientifiques de l’aquaculture de l’oursin violet Paracentrotus lividus. Mém. M.S.T.Val Ress Nat Univ Corse pp.40

  • Fernandez C, Boudouresque CF (1997) Phenotypic plasticity of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in a lagoonal environment. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 152:145–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez C, Boudouresque CF (1998) Comportement alimentaire de Paracentrotus lividus (echinodermata: Echinoidea) en milieu lagunaire. Rapp Comm int Mer Médit 35:1998

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer H (1983) Shell weight as an independent variable in relation to cadmium content in molluscs. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 12:59–75

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer H (1984) Cadmium body burdenrshell weight of mussels: a precise index for environmental monitoring. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea Council Meeting documents, CM-CESRE 41:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer H (1986) Mytilus edulis as a quantitative indicator of dissolved cadmium. Final study and synthesis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 48:163–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher W, Schneider M, Bauchot ML (1987) FAO sheets of species identification for the purposes of fishing: Mediterranean and Black Sea, Vol. I, plants and invertebrates. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Freeman KR (1974) Growth, mortality and seasonal cycle of Mytilus edulis in two Nova Scotian embayments. Department of Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Canada , pp 1–112Tech. Rep. No. 500, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • GESAMP (2001) Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of the Marine Environmental Protection. Protecting the oceans from land-based activities. Land-based sources and activities affecting the quality and uses of the marine, coastal and freshwater environment. Rep. Stud. GESAMP 71, pp. 162

  • Gonzalez Irustra JM, Goni Di Cerion, Canteras JC (2009). Reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in the Cantabrian Sea (northern Spain): environmental effects. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, pp. 11

  • Goody DC, Shand P, Kinniburgh DG, Vanriemedij K (1995) Field-based partition coefficients for trace elements in soil solutions. Eur J Soil Sci 46:265–285

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grimes S (2003) Bilan et Diagnostic National de la pollution marine de la côte algérienne liée à des activités menées à terre. Programme d’actions stratégiques (PAS) destiné à combattre la pollution due à des activités menées à terre et de sa stratégie opérationnelle. Rapport PAM/PAS MED/MEDPOL

  • Grimes S, Ruellet T, Dauvin JD, Boutiba Z (2010) Ecological quality status of the soft-bottom communities on the Algerian coast: general patterns and diagnosis. Mar Pollut Bull 60:1969–1977

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guettaf M, San Martin GA, Francour P (2000) Interpopulation variability of the reproductive cycle of Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in the south-western Mediterranean. J Mar Biol Assoc U K 80:899–907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iorga MC, Lozier S (1999) Signatures of the Mediterranean outflow from a North Atlantic climatology 1. Salinity and density fields. J Geophys Res 104:25905–26009

    Google Scholar 

  • Judas A (1994) Influence de l’environnement sur les phases de reproduction, fécondation et développement larvaire des oursins: cas de Sphaerechinus granularis en rade de brest. DBO, DRA CNRS D1513/IFREMER-Brest, Deliex, Avril-Août 94

  • Kobayashi N (1971) Fertilized sea urchin egg as an indicatory material for marine pollution bioassay, preliminary experiments. Publ/Seto Mar Biol Lab XVIII 6:379–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lauenstein GG, Dolvin SS (1992) Mollusk monitoring of united state coastal and estuary environments. Analusis 20(6):23–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence JM (1987) Echinodermata. In: Pandian TJ, Vernberg FJ (eds) Animal energetic, vol 2. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, pp 29–321

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence JM, Lane JM (1982) The utilisation of nutriments by post metamorphic echinoderms. In: Jangoux M, Lawrence JM (eds) Echinoderm nutrition. Belkemapubl, Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Lobel PB, Wright DA (1982) Relationship between body zinc concentration and allometric growth measurements in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar Biol 66:145–150

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maire O, Amouroux JM, Duchene JC, Gremare A (2007) Relationship between filtration activity and food availability in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar Biol 152:1293–1307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margat J, Vallee D (2000) Mediterranean vision on water, population and the environment for the 21st century. Blue Plan, Global Water partnership/MEDTAC 2000, pp. 66

  • Marigómez JA, Ireland MP (1990) A laboratory study of cadmium exposure in Littorina littorea in relation to environmental cadmium and exposure time. Sci Total Environ 90:75–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massouda BMA, Scrimshawa MD, Lester JN (2003) Qualitative assessment of the effectiveness of the Mediterranean action plan: wastewater management in the Mediterranean region. Ocean & Coastal Management

  • Nedelec H (1982) Ethologie alimentaire Paracentrotus lividus dans la baie de Galeria (Corse) et son impact sur le peuplement benthique. Thèse Doct 3éme cycle, Océanogr Biol Univ P et M Curie. Paris VI Aix-Marseille II France 1–175

  • Okus E, Ozturk I, Ibrahim H, Yukseka A, Tasa S, Aslan-Yilmaza A, Altioka H, Balkisa N, Dogana E, Ovezb S, Aydinb AF (2008) Critical evaluation of wastewater treatment and disposal strategies for Istanbul with regards to water quality monitoring study results. Desalination 226:231–248

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozdemir E, Ugur S, Kaimaki A (1998) Heavy metals concentrations in some mollusks and in superficial sediment from Izmir Bay (Turkey). C.I.E.S.M:35–2

  • Pavasovic A (1996) The Mediterranean Action Plan Phase II and the revised Barcelona Convention: new prospective for integrated coastal management in the Mediterranean region. Ocean & Coastal Management 31(2–3):133–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • QUASIMEME (1992) Quality assurance of information for marine environnemental monitoring in Europe. Guidelines on quality assurance for marine measurements. Preparated by Topping G, Wells DE, SOAFFD Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen, Scotland

  • Radenac G, Miramand P, Tardy J (1997) Search for impact a dredged material disposal site on growth and metal contamination of Mytilus edulis (L.) in Charente Maritime (France). Mar Pollu Bull 34:721–729

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Regis MB (1979) Analyse des fluctuations des indices physiologiques chez Paracentrotus lividus (LmK) et Arbacia lixula (L) du golf de Marseille. Tethys, France 167–181

  • Richir J, Gobert S (2014) A reassessment of the use of Posidonia oceanica and Mytilus galloprovincialis to biomonitor the coastal pollution in trace elements: new tools and tips. Mar Pollut Bull 89:390–406

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richir J, Gobert S (2016) An ecophysiological discussion of trace element bioaccumulation in cultured Mytilus galloprovincialis. Belg J Zool 145(1):53–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Rico V (1989) Contribution à l’étude des préferenda alimentaires et du comportement moteur de l’oursin régulier Paracentrotus lividus. D.E.A., Fac Sci Luminy Univ Aix-Marseille II France 1–41

  • Robbins NJ, McKeever TJ (1990) Developing a Newfoundland sea urchin fishery. Trinity-Placentia Development Association. Canada/Newfoundland Inshore Fisheries Development Agreement

  • Rodier J (1996) The analysis of the water: natural waters, residual waters, sea water. Dunod 8th (ed) Paris, 1384

  • Rouane Hacene O, Belhaouari B, Boutiba Z (2012) Trace element concentrations (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd) in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from Oran Harbour (Oran Bay, Algerian west coast). J Appl Environ Biol Sci 2(9):446–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouane Hacene O, Boutiba Z, Belhaouaria B, Guibbolini-sabatier M, Francour P, Risso-de Faverney C (2015) Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring. Oceanologia 57:362–374

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-España AI, Martínez-Pita I, García FJ (2004) Gonadal growth and reproduction in the commercial sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) from southern Spain. Hydrobiol 519:61–72

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Savriama Y, Stige LC, Gerber S, Pérez T, Alibert P, David B (2015) Impact of sewage pollution on two species of sea urchins in the Mediterranean Sea (Cortiou, France): radial asymmetry as a bioindicator of stress. Ecol Indic 54:39–47. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.02.004

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Semroud R, Kada K (1987) Contribution à l’étude de l’oursin Paracentrotus lividus (LmK) dans la région d’Alger (Algérie: indice de réplétion et indice gonadique. Colloque international sur Paracentrotus lividus et les oursins comestibles, C.F. Boudouresque édit., GIS. Posidonis publ, Marseille Fr 117–124

  • Shpigel M, McBride SC, Marciano S, Lupatsch I (2004) The effect of photoperiod and temperature on the reproduction of European sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Aquaculture 232:343–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith J, Shackley SE (2006) Effects of closure of a major sewage outfall on sublittoral, soft sediment benthic communities. Mar Pollut Bull 52:645–658

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soto M, Kortabitarte M, Marigomez I (1995) Bioavailable heavy metals in estuarine waters as assessed by metal shell-weight indices in sentinel mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 125:127–136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soto M, Ireland MP, Marigómez I (1997a) The contribution of metal shell weight index in target tissues to metal body burdens in sentinel marine molluscs. 1. Littorina littorea. Sci Total Environ 198:135–147

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soto M, Ireland MP, Marigómez I (1997b) The contribution of metal shell weight index in target tissues to metal body burdens in sentinel marine molluscs. 2. Mytilus galloprovincialis. Sci Total Environ 198:149–160

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soto M, Ireland MP, Marigômez I (2000) Changes in mussel biometry on exposure to metals: implications in estimation of metal bioavailability in ‘Mussel-Watch’ programmes. Sci Total Environ 247:175–187

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soualili D, Guillou M (2009) Variation in the reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in three differently polluted locations near Algiers (Algeria). J Mar Biol Assoc UK 2:1–6. doi:10.1017/S175526720900092X

    Google Scholar 

  • Soualili D, Dubois P, Gosselin P, Pernet P, Guillou M (2008) Assessment of seawater pollution by heavy metals in the neighbourhood of Algiers: use of the sea urchin, Paracentrotus lividus, as a bioindicator. ICES J Mar Sci 65:132–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein ED, Cadien DB (2009) Ecosystem response to regulatory and management actions: the southern California experience in long-term monitoring. Mar Pollut Bull 59:91–100

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) (1999) State and pressures of the marine and coastal Mediterranean environment. Environmental Issues Series No. 1999

  • United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) (2001) White paper: coastal zone management in the Mediterranean. UNEP/MAP/PAP: Split, 2001, pp. 88

  • Vallega A (1995) Regional level implementation of chapter 17: the UNEP approach to the Mediterranean. Ocean & Coastal Management 29(1–3):251–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walle FB, Tamvakli MN, Heinen WJ (1993) Environmental conditions of the Mediterranean Sea: European community countries. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Netherlands

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wangensteen OS, Turon X, Casso M et al (2013) The reproductive cycle of the sea urchin Arbacia lixula in northwest Mediterranean: potential influence of temperature and photoperiod. Mar Biol (2013) 160:–3157. doi:10.1007/s00227-013-2303-8

Download references

Acknowledgments

This article is dedicated to Professor Zitouni Boutiba, who left us in November 2016. We express our gratitude to Ms. Sabine Azemard (laboratory technician, International Atomic Energy Agency, Marine Environment Laboratory, Monaco) for his help by sending standard samples of inter-calibration and analytical protocols. We want to thank Mr. Chakib Mahi (Head of the National Agency of Water Resources Laboratory (ANRH-Oran)), Mr. Houcine Charef, Mr. Abdelmalek Belatoui (Heads of the Chemistry Laboratory, Sonatrach) and Mr. Bedad Baghdad (professional diver, Mostaganem University) for their helpful advice during periods of sampling and physico-chemical analysis. We also thank Ms. Nathalie Bendbiko and Ms. Catinca Birna (University Agency of Francophony (AUF-Paris)) for their support through the granting of the Doctoral scholarship. Finally, I am thankful to all staff of LRSE and ECOMERS for their availability, their kindness and help.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Réseau de Surveillance Environnementale (LRSE), Department of Biology, University of Oran 1 Ahmed Ben Bella, BP 1524 El M’naouer, 31000, Oran, Algeria

    Omar Rouane-Hacene, Zitouni Boutiba, Meriem Benaissa & Benkhedda Belhaouari

  2. University Côte d’Azur, CNRS, ECOMERS, 28 Avenue Valrose BP 71, 06108, Nice Cedex 2, France

    Patrice Francour, Marielle E. Guibbolini-Sabatier & Christine Risso-De Faverney

Authors
  1. Omar Rouane-Hacene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zitouni Boutiba
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Meriem Benaissa
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Benkhedda Belhaouari
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Patrice Francour
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Marielle E. Guibbolini-Sabatier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Christine Risso-De Faverney
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Omar Rouane-Hacene.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rouane-Hacene, O., Boutiba, Z., Benaissa, M. et al. Seasonal assessment of biological indices, bioaccumulation, and bioavailability of heavy metals in sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus from Algerian west coast, applied to environmental monitoring. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 11238–11251 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8946-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-8946-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation