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Degradation of atenolol via heterogeneous activation of persulfate by using BiOCl@Fe3O4 catalyst under simulated solar light irradiation

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Abstract

Efficient oxidative degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants in aquatic environments is of great importance. This study used magnetic BiOCl@Fe3O4 catalyst to activate persulfate (PS) under simulated solar light irradiation. This degradation system was evaluated using atenolol (ATL) as target pollutant. Four reactive species were identified in the sunlight/BiOCl@Fe3O4/PS system. The decreasing order of the contribution of each reactive species on ATL degradation was as follows: h+ ≈ HO· > O2 ·− > SO4 ·−. pH significantly influenced ATL degradation, and an acidic condition favored the reaction. High degradation efficiencies were obtained at pH 2.3–5.5. ATL degradation rate increased with increased catalyst and PS contents. Moreover, ATL mineralization was higher in the sunlight/BiOCl@Fe3O4/PS system than in the sunlight/BiOCl@Fe3O4 or sunlight/PS system. Nine possible intermediate products were identified through LC-MS analysis, and a degradation pathway for ATL was proposed. The BiOCl@Fe3O4 nanomagnetic composite catalyst was synthesized in this work. This catalyst was easily separated and recovered from a treated solution by using a magnet, and it demonstrated a high catalytic activity. Increased amount of the BiOCl@Fe3O4 catalyst obviously accelerated the efficiency of ATL degradation, and the reusability of the catalyst allowed the addition of a large dosage of BiOCl@Fe3O4 to improve the degradation efficiency.

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Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC 21607116), Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2016YFE0112200), Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (690958-MARSU-RISE-2015), and China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2016 M591710).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China

    Yahong Shi, Hongche Chen, Yanlin Wu & Wenbo Dong

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  1. Yahong Shi
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  2. Hongche Chen
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  3. Yanlin Wu
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  4. Wenbo Dong
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Correspondence to Yanlin Wu or Wenbo Dong.

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Responsible editor: Suresh Pillai

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Shi, Y., Chen, H., Wu, Y. et al. Degradation of atenolol via heterogeneous activation of persulfate by using BiOCl@Fe3O4 catalyst under simulated solar light irradiation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 693–703 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0256-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0256-z

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