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Modeling for waste management associated with environmental-impact abatement under uncertainty

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Abstract

Municipal solid waste (MSW) treatment can generate significant amounts of pollutants, and thus pose a risk on human health. Besides, in MSW management, various uncertainties exist in the related costs, impact factors, and objectives, which can affect the optimization processes and the decision schemes generated. In this study, a life cycle assessment-based interval-parameter programming (LCA-IPP) method is developed for MSW management associated with environmental-impact abatement under uncertainty. The LCA-IPP can effectively examine the environmental consequences based on a number of environmental impact categories (i.e., greenhouse gas equivalent, acid gas emissions, and respiratory inorganics), through analyzing each life cycle stage and/or major contributing process related to various MSW management activities. It can also tackle uncertainties existed in the related costs, impact factors, and objectives and expressed as interval numbers. Then, the LCA-IPP method is applied to MSW management for the City of Beijing, the capital of China, where energy consumptions and six environmental parameters [i.e., CO2, CO, CH4, NOX, SO2, inhalable particle (PM10)] are used as systematic tool to quantify environmental releases in entire life cycle stage of waste collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of. Results associated with system cost, environmental impact, and the related policy implication are generated and analyzed. Results can help identify desired alternatives for managing MSW flows, which has advantages in providing compromised schemes under an integrated consideration of economic efficiency and environmental impact under uncertainty.

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Abbreviations

f ± :

The net system cost ($)

t :

Index for transfer station, t = 1, 2, … 6

i :

Index for incinerator, i = 1, 2, … 6

c :

Index for composting, c = 1, 2, … 9

X ± utk :

Solid waste stream from the urban districts to transfer station t during period k (tonne/day)

X ± uik :

Solid waste stream from the urban districts to incinerator facility i during period k (tonne/day)

X ± ulk :

Solid waste stream from the urban districts to landfill l during period k (tonne/day)

X ± tik :

Solid waste stream from transfer station t to incinerator facility i during period k (tonne/day)

X ± clk :

Solid waste stream from composting facility c to landfill l during period k (tonne/day)

D ± uc :

The distance between urban district and composting facility c (km)

D ± ul :

The distance between urban district and landfill l (km)

D ± ti :

The distance between transfer station t and incinerator facility i (km)

D ± cl :

The distance between composting facility c and landfill l (km)

F ± :

Consumption of fuel oil for transporting 1 tonne of solid waste per kilometer (l/km tonne)

EL ± :

Consumption of electricity for disposing 1 tonne of solid waste (kwh/tonne)

TD ± tk :

Consumption of diesel for disposing 1 tonne of solid waste in transfer station t (l / tonne)

TI ± ik :

Consumption of diesel for disposing 1 tonne of solid waste in incinerator facility i (l/tonne)

\( O{P}_{{}_{ck}}^{\pm } \) :

Operating costs of composting facility c during time period k ($/tonne)

\( O{P}_{{}_{lk}}^{\pm } \) :

Operating costs of landfill l during time period k ($/tonne)

\( {P}_{{}_z}^{\pm } \) :

Unit price of recycled material z ($/tonne)

FE ± ik :

Residue flow rate from incinerator facility i to landfill l (%)

RE ± ik :

Revenues of unit MSW disposed by the incinerator facility i during time period k ($/tonne)

ER md :

Emission rate of the mth kind of the pollutant gas for 1 kg fuel oil (kg/l)

EO ± mc :

Emission rate of the mth kind of the pollutant gas for 1 tonne MSW in composting facility c (kg/tonne)

EO ± ml :

Emission rate of the mth kind of the pollutant gas for 1 tonne MSW in landfill l (kg/tonne)

δ ± l :

The capacity rate of landfill l for urban district (% of the whole capacity)

l :

Index for landfill, l = 1, 2, … 16

k :

Planning period, k = 1, 2, 3

lk :

The length of period k

z :

Recycling material, z = 1, metal; z = 2, paper; z = 3, plastic; z = 4, glass

X ± uck :

Solid waste stream from the urban districts to composting facility c during period k (tonne/day)

X ± tck :

Solid waste stream from transfer station t to composting facility c during period k (tonne/day)

X ± tlk :

Solid waste stream from transfer station t to landfill l during period k (tonne/day)

X ± ilk :

Solid waste stream from incinerator facility i to landfill l during period k (tonne/day)

\( {D}_{{}_{ut}}^{\pm } \) :

The distance between urban district and transfer station t (km)

D ± ui :

The distance between urban district and incinerator facility i (km)

D ± tc :

The distance between transfer station t and composting facility c (km)

D ± tl :

The distance between transfer station t and landfill l (km)

D ± il :

The distance between incinerator facility i and landfill l (km)

P ± F :

Unit price of fuel oil ($/l)

ColC ± k :

Collection cost during period k ($/t)

\( {P}_{{}_{EL}}^{\pm } \) :

Unit price of electricity ($/kwh)

CE ± k :

Dissipation coefficient of electricity for the incinerator facility (%)

TC ± ck :

Consumption of diesel for disposing 1 tonne of solid waste in composting facility c (l/tonne)

TL ± lk :

Consumption of diesel for disposing 1 tonne of solid waste in landfill l (l/tonne)

\( O{P}_{{}_{tk}}^{\pm } \) :

Operating costs of transfer station t during time period k ($/tonne)

\( O{P}_{{}_{ik}}^{\pm } \) :

Operating costs of incinerator i during time period k ($/tonne)

RC zt :

Recovery rate of material z in transfer station t (%)

FE ± ck :

Residue flow rate from composting facility c to landfill l (%)

RE ± ck :

Revenues of unit MSW disposed by the composting facility c during time period k ($/tonne)

EO ± mt :

Emission rate of the mth kind of the pollutant gas for 1 tonne MSW in transfer station t (kg/tonne)

EO ± mi :

Emission rate of the mth kind of the pollutant gas for 1 tonne MSW in incinerator facility i (kg/tonne)

PE m :

Unit price for purchasing the mth kind of the pollutant gases credit or disposing the mth kind of the pollutant gases

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Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Natural Sciences Foundation of Beijing (8122038), the National Natural Science Foundation (51225904), the 111 Project (B14008), and the Program for Innovative Research Team in University (IRT1127). The authors are grateful to the editors and the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sino-Canada Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China

    P. Li & J. L. Zhang

  2. MOE Key Laboratory of Regional Energy Systems Optimization, Sino-Canada Resources and Environmental Research Academy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China

    Y. P. Li & G. H. Huang

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  1. P. Li
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  2. Y. P. Li
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Correspondence to Y. P. Li.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Li, P., Li, Y.P., Huang, G.H. et al. Modeling for waste management associated with environmental-impact abatement under uncertainty. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 5003–5019 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3962-9

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