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Genetic analysis of central Anatolian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm by simple sequence repeats

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Abstract

The Anatolian peninsula otherwise known as Asia Minor is considered one of the centers that shaped grape (Vitis spp.) evolution and domestication. This region with diverse ecological conditions also has a long history of viticulture and growing grapes has been a part of the local culture since very old times. However, very little information is available on genetic analysis of Anatolian grape germplasm. This study reports on genetic analyses of 88 grapevine cultivars from Central Anatolia using 17 microsatellite (SSR) loci. The average number of alleles per locus was 9.18, ranging from 5 to 15. The highest heterozygosity rate was obtained for the SSR loci “VVS2” and “VMC2H4.” Genetic distances between populations ranged from 0.056 to 0.207 and two cases of identical, seven cases of homonymous, and nine cases of synonymous grape cultivar groups were identified. Based on comparisons with international Vitis databases, it has been determined that “Moldova-Coarna Neagra” cultivar is synonymous with some Anatolian cultivars. In addition, investigation of the genetic diversity of 20 genotypes of Anatolian wild germplasm revealed a higher level of genetic diversity in wild populations than in cultivated ones at the studied microsatellite loci. The results reported here should not only contribute towards better management of the grape germplasm of the region but also provide new insights into grape domestication.

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Funding

This study was supported by the Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) (Grant No. 105 G 078).

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Author notes

  1. Funda Yılmaz and Mina Shidfar contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticulture, Agriculture Faculty, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Funda Yılmaz, Mina Shidfar, Gökhan Söylemezoğlu & Hasan Çelik

  2. Biotechnology Institute, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey

    Nahid Hazrati, Canan Yüksel Özmen & Ali Ergül

  3. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, QLD, St. Lucia, 4067, Australia

    Kemal Kazan

  4. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Researches and Policies, Viticulture Research Institute, Tekirdağ, Turkey

    Tamer Uysal, Cengiz Özer & A. Semih Yaşasın

  5. Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Agricultural Researches and Policies, Atatürk Horticultural Central Research Institute, Yalova, Turkey

    Yılmaz Boz

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  1. Funda Yılmaz
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Contributions

AE designed and outlined the research. FY, MS, CYÖ, and GS conducted the experiments. KK, NH, FY, and CYÖ performed the bioinformatics studies, interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript. TU, CÖ, ASY, YB, and HÇ organized the plant collection and preparation. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Ali Ergül.

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The names of internationally known SSR loci as well as ampelographic and molecular data from the grape cultivars used in the study were presented in the text and in the Supplementary Tables.

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Communicated by G. G. Vendramin

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Electronic supplementary material

Supplementary Table 1

Names, cultivar numbers, bunch-berry properties and ripening times of the grapevine cultivars from Central Anatolia (DOCX 46 kb).

Supplementary Table 2

Allele sizes (bp) of grape Central Anatolian and reference cultivars at 17 SSR loci (See Supplementary Table 1 for corresponding cultivar no) (DOCX 94 kb).

Supplementary Table 3

Central Anatolian grape cultivars with varying degree of genetic similarity identified based on SSR analysis. Cultivar name (Cultivar no, See Supplementary Table 1 for corresponding cultivar no) (DOCX 30 kb).

Supplementary Table 4

Expected (He) and observed (Ho) heterozygosity values for Central Anatolian cultivars, wild grapes and reference group (DOCX 14 kb).

Supplementary Table 5

Genetic differentiation (Fst, below diagonal) and gene flow (Nm, above diagonal) between Central Anatolian cultivars, wild grapes and reference group (DOCX 12 kb).

Supplementary Table 6

Nei’s genetic distance values measured between cultivars, wild grapes and reference group (DOCX 15 kb).

Supplementary Figure 1

Genetic relationships observed between Central Anatolian cultivars-wild grape populations. The dendrogram was constructed by neighbor-joining clustering based on Nei’s (1972) genetic distance (JPG 26 kb).

Supplementary Figure 2

Bayesian analysis of population structure (BAPS) of Central Anatolian cultivars. A. Grape cultivars from Central Anatolia were grouped according to provinces and subjected to BAPS analysis to observe population structuring. B. The same analysis was repeated based on the individual cultivars. Each vertical bar represents one individual genotype, populations are separated by black vertical lines (JPG 73 kb).

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Yılmaz, F., Shidfar, M., Hazrati, N. et al. Genetic analysis of central Anatolian grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) germplasm by simple sequence repeats. Tree Genetics & Genomes 16, 55 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-020-01429-z

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