Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sensor Injection Based Routing Protocol for Effective Load Balancing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Due to the severe underwater environment, research into Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks is at its most undeveloped stage. Due to the restricted sensor batteries and significant variations in water parameters, like temperature, turbulence, flooding, pH, salinity, and others, this research is not as simple as it would seem. To increase node battery life and provide load balancing, several routing protocols are implemented. In this article, we propose the Effective Load Balancing with Sensor Injection routing method, which uses hop distance calculations to enable sensors to connect with sinks through other intermediary sensors. In order to communicate among sensors, localization-based routing protocol is employed. With the use of weight factor calculations, each node determines the minimal distance needed for connection to another node and calculates distance from the lowest hop node. This algorithm balances the load using the sensor injection approach. When weight factor of any node becomes high, it sends request to Network Management System (NMS) for load balancing. NMS directs Autonomous Underwater Vehicle for new sensor injection as neighbour of high factor node. Thus, by using this sensor injection method network lifetime gets increased. Simulation is carried out on NS 2.30 and improved results are obtained in comparison to existing schemes w.r.t., number of dead nodes and alive nodes at every round.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Algorithm 1
Algorithm 2
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Algorithm 3
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
Fig. 23

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

References

  1. Draz, U., Ali, T., Yasin, S., Bukhari, S., Khan, M. S., Hamdi, M., & Ali, A. (2022). An optimal scheme for UWSAN of hotspots issue based on energy-efficient novel watchman nodes. Wireless Personal Communications, 121, 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rajeswari, A., Duraipandian, N., Shanker, N. R., & Samuel, B. E. (2021). Efficient optimization algorithms for minimizing delay and packet loss in Doppler and geometric spreading environment in underwater sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 121, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Rehman, Z. U., Iqbal, A., Yang, B., & Hussain, T. (2021). Void hole avoidance based on sink mobility and adaptive two hop vector-based forwarding in underwater wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 121, 1–31.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Halakarnimath, B. S., & Sutagundar, A. V. (2021). Reinforcement learning-based routing in underwater acoustic sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 120, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Gauni, S., Manimegalai, C. T., Krishnan, K. M., Shreeram, V., Arvind, V. V., & Srinivas, T. N. (2021). Design and analysis of co-operative acoustic and optical hybrid communication for underwater communication. Wireless Personal Communications, 117(2), 561–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Yan, H., Shi, Z. J., & Cui, J. H. (2008, May). DBR: depth-based routing for underwater sensor networks. In International conference on research in networking (pp. 72–86). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

  7. Wahid, A., & Kim, D. (2012). An energy efficient localization-free routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. International journal of distributed sensor networks, 8(4), 307246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Ayaz, M., Baig, I., Abdullah, A., & Faye, I. (2011). A survey on routing techniques in underwater wireless sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 34(6), 1908–1927.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Yu, H., Yao, N., Wang, T., Li, G., Gao, Z., & Tan, G. (2016). WDFAD-DBR: weighting depth and forwarding area division DBR routing protocol for UASNs. Ad Hoc Networks, 37, 256–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Majid, A., Azam, I., Waheed, A., Zain-ul-Abidin, M., Hafeez, T., Khan, Z. A., & Javaid, N. (2016). An energy efficient and balanced energy consumption cluster-based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. In IEEE 30th international conference on advanced information networking and applications (AINA) (pp. 324–333). IEEE.

  11. Noh, Y., Lee, U., Lee, S., Wang, P., Vieira, L. F., Cui, J. H., & Kim, K. (2015). Hydrocast: pressure routing for underwater sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 65(1), 333–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Shah, P. M., Ullah, I., Khan, T., Hussain, M. S., Khan, Z. A., Qasim, U., & Javaid, N. (2016, March). MobiSink: Cooperative routing protocol for underwater sensor networks with sink mobility. In 2016 IEEE 30th international conference on advanced information networking and applications (AINA) (pp. 189–197). IEEE.

  13. Jain, S., Pilli, E. S., Govil, M. C., & Rao, D. V. (2015, February). Performance evaluation of congestion-aware routing protocols for underwater sensor networks with multimedia data. In 2015 IEEE underwater technology (UT) (pp. 1–6). IEEE.

  14. Goyal, N., Dave, M., & Verma, A. K. (2017). Improved data aggregation for cluster based underwater wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section A: Physical Sciences, 87(2), 235–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Khan, G., Gola, K. K., & Ali, W. (2015, May). Energy efficient routing algorithm for UWSN-A clustering approach. In 2015 second international conference on advances in computing and communication engineering (pp. 150–155). IEEE.

  16. Goyal, N., Dave, M., & Verma, A. K. (2014, February). Fuzzy based clustering and aggregation technique for under water wireless sensor networks. In 2014 international conference on electronics and communication systems (ICECS) (pp. 1–5). IEEE.

  17. Javaid, N., Jafri, M. R., Ahmed, S., Jamil, M., Khan, Z. A., Qasim, U., & Al-Saleh, S. S. (2015). Delay-sensitive routing schemes for underwater acoustic sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 11(3), 532676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Yu, H., Yao, N., & Liu, J. (2015). An adaptive routing protocol in underwater sparse acoustic sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 34, 121–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Ayaz, M., & Abdullah, A. (2009, December). Hop-by-hop dynamic addressing based (H2-DAB) routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. In 2009 international conference on information and multimedia technology (pp. 436–441). IEEE.

  20. Wahid, A., Lee, S., & Kim, D. (2014). A reliable and energy-efficient routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 27(10), 2048–2062.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Yoon, S., Azad, A. K., Oh, H., & Kim, S. (2012). AURP: An AUV-aided underwater routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Sensors, 12(2), 1827–1845.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Zytoune, O., Fakhri, Y., & Aboutajdine, D. (2010). A novel energy aware clustering technique for routing in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Sensor Network, 2(3), 233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Younis, O., & Fahmy, S. (2004). HEED: A hybrid, energy-efficient, distributed clustering approach for ad hoc sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on mobile computing, 3(4), 366–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Zhou, Z., Yao, B., Xing, R., Shu, L., & Bu, S. (2015). E-CARP: An energy efficient routing protocol for UWSNs in the internet of underwater things. IEEE Sensors Journal, 16(11), 4072–4082.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Chen, Y. S., & Lin, Y. W. (2012). Mobicast routing protocol for underwater sensor networks. IEEE Sensors journal, 13(2), 737–749.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Choudhary, M., & Goyal, N. (2022). Dynamic topology control algorithm for node deployment in mobile underwater wireless sensor networks. Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.6942

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Nain, M., Goyal, N., Awasthi, L. K., & Malik, A. (2022). A range based node localization scheme with hybrid optimization for underwater wireless sensor network. International Journal of Communication Systems. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.5147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Rady, A., Shokair, M., El-Rabaie, E. S. M., & Sabor, N. (2021). Joint nodes and sink mobility based immune routing-clustering protocol for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-08066-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Kulandaivel, M., Natarajan, A., Sathiyamoorthi, V., Srivastava, A., Gupta, S., Suresh, P., & Goyal, N. (2022). Compressive sensing node localization method using autonomous underwater vehicle network. Wireless Personal Communications, 126, 2781–2799. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09841-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Nasir, H., Javaid, N., Ashraf, H., Manzoor, S., Khan, Z. A., Qasim, U., & Sher, M. (2014, November). CoDBR: Cooperative depth-based routing for underwater wireless sensor networks. In 2014 ninth international conference on broadband and wireless computing, communication and applications (pp. 52–57). IEEE.

  31. Priyadarshini, R. R., & Sivakumar, N. (2020). Relay selection approach in underwater acoustic WSNs using bi-partite graph. Wireless Personal Communications, 111(1), 643–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. The Network Simulator - ns-2. Isi.edu. (2021). Retrieved 20 Mar 2021 from https://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.

  33. Zenia, N. Z., Aseeri, M., Ahmed, M. R., Chowdhury, Z. I., & Kaiser, M. S. (2016). Energy-efficiency and reliability in MAC and routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor network: A survey. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 71, 72–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Coutinho, R. W., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L. F., & Loureiro, A. A. (2015). Geographic and opportunistic routing for underwater sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 65(2), 548–561.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  35. Umar, A., Javaid, N., Ahmad, A., Khan, Z. A., Qasim, U., Alrajeh, N., & Hayat, A. (2015). DEADS: Depth and energy aware dominating set based algorithm for cooperative routing along with sink mobility in underwater WSNs. Sensors, 15(6), 14458–14486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India for supporting this work during revision for enhancement.

Funding

Not applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Goel Institute of Technology and Management, Lucknow, 226010, (Uttar Pradesh), India

    Poonam Yadav

  2. SRM University, NCR Campus, Ghaziabad, 201204, (Uttar Pradesh), India

    Shashank Yadav

  3. Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, (Uttar Pradesh), India

    Ashutosh Srivastava

  4. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Central University of Jammu, Jammu, 181143, (UT of J&K), India

    Sachin Kumar Gupta

  5. Department of Computer Science, School of Management Sciences (SMS), Varanasi, 221011, (Uttar Pradesh), India

    Radha Raman Chandan

  6. School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology, Bennett University, Greater Noida, 201310, (Uttar Pradesh), India

    Bireshwar Dass Mazumdar

  7. Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, (Haryana), India

    Nitin Goyal

Authors
  1. Poonam Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Shashank Yadav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ashutosh Srivastava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sachin Kumar Gupta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Radha Raman Chandan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bireshwar Dass Mazumdar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Nitin Goyal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

PY and SY, conceived the idea and conceptualized the problem. AS and SKG, designed the experiments and conducted the experiments. RRC, BDM, analysed the methods and interpreted the results. NG drew the conclusions and made comparison. All the authors agree with the above contribution details.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nitin Goyal.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Ethical Approval

Not applicable

Consent to Participate

Not applicable

Consent for Publication

Not applicable

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Yadav, P., Yadav, S., Srivastava, A. et al. Sensor Injection Based Routing Protocol for Effective Load Balancing in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 133, 951–979 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10799-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10799-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation