Abstract
The Quality of Service of a Wireless Sensor Network depends mainly on how perfectly the required area is covered. The work aims at identifying the coverage hole in the region of interest using the advanced Delaunay technique. Secondly, the healing process is initiated through the identification of the redundant node. Unlike the basic distance and energy parameter, the number of occurrences of the redundant node in the redundancy map is also taken into consideration which helps to choose the best redundant node. The third objective of the work is to devise a cooperative incomplete game for the process of healing to have a better coverage based on the average leftover energy and distance of the run. The sizing of the coverage hole after each run of the algorithm helps to check if the required threshold level of coverage is reached. To reduce the number of healer node participating in the healing process the redundancy in the hole point is identified so as to heal more than one hole at a time. It is shown that if we adopt a variable sensing range along with the random mobility pattern in healing the best coverage can be achieved. The coverage improvement with the sensing radius of 15 m is about 14% better than the conventional technique with the hole area being 89.59% lesser after healing. The total distance moved to heal is 59.7% lesser with the average residual energy being 20.87% more in the proposed technique.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akyildiz, I. F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., & Cayirci, E. (2002). A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 40(8), 102–114.
Wang, G., Cao, G., La Porta, T., & Zhang, W. (2005). Sensor relocation in mobile sensor networks. In INFOCOM 2005. 24th annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies. Proceedings IEEE (Vol. 4, pp. 2302–2312). IEEE.
Wang, G., Cao, G., & La Porta, T. F. (2006). Movement-assisted sensor deployment. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 5(6), 640–652.
Zou, Y. & Chakrabarty, K. (2003). Sensor deployment and target localization based on virtual forces,” In INFOCOM 2003. Twenty-second annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications. IEEE societies (Vol. 2, pp. 1293–1303). IEEE.
Zhou, H., Wu, H., Xia, S., Jin, M., & Ding, N. (2011). A distributed triangulation algorithm for wireless sensor networks on 2D and 3D surface. In INFOCOM, 2011 proceedings IEEE (pp. 1053–1061). IEEE.
Qiu, C., & Shen, H. (2014). A delaunay-based coordinate-free mechanism for full coverage in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed System, 25(4), 828–839.
Zhao, E., Yao, J., Wang, H., & Lv, Y. (2011). A coverage hole detection method and improvement scheme in WSNs. In Electric information and control engineering (ICEICE), 2011 International Conference on (pp. 985–988). IEEE.
Li, W., & Wu, Y. (2016). Tree-based coverage hole detection and healing method in wireless sensor networks. Computer Networks, 5(103), 33–43.
Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., & Fang, Y. (2009). Localized algorithms for coverage boundary detection in wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks, 15(1), 3–20.
Zhang, C., Zhang, Y., & Fang, Y. (2006). Detecting coverage boundary nodes in wireless sensor networks. In Networking, sensing and control, 2006. ICNSC’06. Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE international conference on (pp. 868–873). IEEE.
Chizari, H., Poston, T., Razak, S. A., Abdullah, A. H., & Salleh, S. (2014). Local coverage measurement algorithm in GPS-free wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 23, 1–7.
Ma, H. C., Sahoo, P. K., & Chen, Y. W. (2011). Computational geometry based distributed coverage hole detection protocol for the wireless sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 34(5), 1743–1756.
Antil, P., & Malik, A. (2014). Hole detection for quantifying connectivity in wireless sensor networks: A survey. Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, 7, 2014.
Jabeur, N., Sahli, N., & Khan, I. M. (2013). Survey on sensor holes: A cause–effect–solution perspective. Procedia Computer Science, 1(19), 1074–1080.
Ghrist, R. & Muhammad, A. (2005). Coverage and hole-detection in sensor networks via homology. In: Information processing in sensor networks, 2005. IPSN 2005. Fourth International Symposium on (pp. 254–260). IEEE.
Lambrou, T. P. & Panayiotou, C. G. (2007). Collaborative event detection using mobile and stationary nodes in sensor networks. In: Collaborative computing: Networking, applications and worksharing, 2007, Collaborate Com 2007. International Conference on (pp. 106–115). IEEE.
Lambrou, T. P., & Panayiotou, C. G. (2009). Collaborative area monitoring using wireless sensor networks with stationary and mobile nodes. EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, 1(2009), 7.
Chizari, H., Hosseini, M., Poston, T., Razak, S. A., & Abdullah, A. H. (2011). Delaunay triangulation as a new coverage measurement method in wireless sensor network. Sensors, 11(3), 3163–3176.
Khan, I. M., Jabeur, N., & Zeadally, S. (2012). Hop-based approach for holes and boundary detection in wireless sensor networks. IET Wireless Sensor Systems, 2(4), 328–337.
Bejerano, Y. (2012). Coverage verification without location information. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 11(4), 631–643.
Kasbekar, G. S., Bejerano, Y., & Sarkar, S. (2012). Generic coverage verification without location information using dimension reduction. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 20(6), 1991–2004.
Kang, Z., Yu, H., & Xiong, Q. (2013). Detection and recovery of coverage holes in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Networks, 8(4), 822–828.
De Silva, V., & Ghrist, R. (2006). Coordinate-free coverage in sensor networks with controlled boundaries via homology. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 25(12), 1205–1222.
Chu, W. C., & Ssu, K. F. (2014). Location-free boundary detection in mobile wireless sensor networks with a distributed approach. Computer Networks, 9(70), 96–112.
El Korbi, I., & Zeadally, S. (2014). Energy-aware sensor node relocation in mobile sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 31(16), 247–265.
Mahendrababu, K. & Joshitha, K. L. (2014) A solution to energy hole problem in wireless sensor networks using WITRICITY. In: Information communication and embedded systems (ICICES), 2014 international conference on (pp. 1–6). IEEE.
Lakshmi Joshitha, K. & Jayashri, S. (2015). Location free approach for coverage verification in distributed wireless sensor network. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 10(20), 16084–16090. ISSN 0973-4562.
Joshitha, K. L. & Jayashri, S. Modified coverage hole detection algorithm for distributed WSNs. LNCS. Elseviers.
Fang, Q., Gao, J., & Guibas, L. J. (2006). Locating and bypassing holes in sensor networks. Mobile Networks and Applications, 11(2), 187–200.
Senouci, M. R., Mellouk, A., & Assnoune, K. (2014). Localized movement-assisted sensor deployment algorithm for hole detection and healing. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 25(5), 1267–1277.
Abo-Zahhad, M., Sabor, N., Sasaki, S., & Ahmed, S. M. (2016). A centralized immune-Voronoi deployment algorithm for coverage maximization and energy conservation in mobile wireless sensor networks. Information Fusion, 31(30), 36–51.
Li, W., & Zhang, W. (2015). Coverage hole and boundary nodes detection in wireless sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications, 28(48), 35–43.
Qiu, C., & Shen, H. (2014). A delaunay-based coordinate-free mechanism for full coverage in wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 25(4), 828–839.
Bai, F. & Helmy, A. (2004). A survey of mobility models. In Wireless Adhoc Networks, University of Southern California, USA. (Vol. 206, p. 147).
Mehta, S., & Kwak, K. S. (2010). An energy-efficient MAC protocol in wireless sensor networks: A game theoretic approach. EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking, 1, 926420.
Milan, F., Jaramillo, J. J., & Srikant, R. (2006) Achieving cooperation in multihop wireless networks of selfish nodes. In Proceeding from the 2006 workshop on game theory for communications and networks (p. 3). ACM.
Memon, I., Kumar, P., Memon, N. A., & Chowdhry, B. S. (2015). Secure coverage tree construction scheme for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 82(1), 659–674.
Singh, S., Chand, S., Kumar, R., Malik, A., & Kumar, B. (2016). NEECP: Novel energy-efficient clustering protocol for prolonging lifetime of WSNs. IET Wireless Sensor Systems., 6(5), 151–157.
Hemavathi, N., & Sudha, S. (2016). A novel regression based clustering technique for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 88(4), 985–1013.
Heinzelman, W. R., Chandrakasan, A., & Balakrishnan, H. (2000) Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In System sciences, 2000. Proceedings of the 33rd annual Hawaii international conference on (p. 10). IEEE.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Joshitha, K.L., Jayashri, S. A Novel Redundant Hole Identification and Healing Algorithm for a Homogeneous Distributed Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless Pers Commun 104, 1261–1282 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-6079-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-6079-5