Abstract
Hydrogen titanate (H2Ti3O7) nanotubes, synthesized via the hydrothermal process, are one of the advanced adsorbents used for the treatment of aqueous solutions containing harmful organic dyes. Although various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been demonstrated to regenerate the H2Ti3O7 nanotubes, an ozonation (O3)-based AOP still remains unexplored for this purpose. Hence, in the present work, this technique has been demonstrated, for the first time, to regenerate the H2Ti3O7 nanotubes after the adsorption of cationic methylene blue molecules on their surfaces from an aqueous solution. The effect of various test parameters, such as the O3 flow rate (2–6 g h−1), an ozonation time (10–60 min), and an initial regeneration solution pH (2–10), on the regeneration efficiency of ozonation-based AOP has been systematically investigated. The O3 flow rate, ozonation time, and initial regeneration solution pH of 6 g h−1, 60 min, and 6.6 (neutral) respectively have been observed to be the most optimum values for the complete regeneration of H2Ti3O7 nanotubes. The mechanism of the regeneration of nanotubes via an ozonation-based AOP has been ascertained by using the hydroxyl (●OH) and superoxide (O2●−) radical-trapping as well as the hydroperoxyl (●OOH) radical-scavenging experiments which unambiguously reveal that the ●OOH radicals, having a lower oxidation potential, are primarily responsible for the regeneration of H2Ti3O7 nanotubes. Five consecutive regeneration cycles of H2Ti3O7 nanotubes have been demonstrated which confirms that the high adsorption capacity of H2Ti3O7 nanotubes is maintained even after the repeated number of adsorption cycles which suggests the consistency of ozonation-based AOP.
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Acknowledgements
The corresponding author thanks the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Technology Mission Division (TMD), Earth, Water, and Other (EWO), Optimum Water Use in Industrial Sector (OWUIS), New Delhi, India (Project Sanction Number DST/TMD(EWO)/OWUIS-2018/RS-02; CSIR-NIIST Project Number GAP235339) for the financial support. Shahansha M. Mohammed thanks the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Kerala, India for providing the fellowship as a Research Fellow (RF) (Grant Number KSCSTE/972/2018-FSHP-MAIN). The authors also thank Mr. Kiran Mohan, Mr. Peer Mohammed A., Dr. Subrata Das, and Dr. Bhoje Gowd E. (CSIR-NIIST, India) for conducting the TEM, BET, XRD, and FTIR analyses respectively.
Funding
This work was supported by the Department of Science and Technology (DST), Technology Mission Division (TMD), Earth, Water and Other (EWO), Optimum Water Use in Industrial Sector (OWUIS), New Delhi, India (Project Sanction Number DST/TMD(EWO)/OWUIS-2018/RS-02); CSIR-NIIST Project Number GAP235339; and the Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment (KSCSTE), Kerala, India (KSCSTE/972/2018-FSHP-MAIN).
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Shahansha M. Mohammed conducted all experiments and proofread the final draft; Satyajit Shukla conceived the idea, supervised the experiments, analyzed and interpreted the data, and wrote the manuscript.
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Mohammed, S.M., Shukla, S. Regeneration and Recycling of Hydrogen Titanate Nanotubes as Methylene Blue Adsorbent via Ozonation-Based Advanced Oxidation Process. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 663 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06655-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06655-4