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Soot Aerosols from Wheat Stubble Burning Lead to Ice Nucleation and Heavy Rainfall Over Arid Rajasthan, India

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Abstract

In the Indo-Gangetic Plains, extensive crop residue burning (CRB) of wheat stubble is done during the month of May. Soot emitted following CRB, a serious environmental pollutant, affects cloud properties. Though important, it is poorly understood as an ice nucleating particle. During the summer season, on 13 May 2020, an unusually heavy rainfall event occurred over Rajasthan, India, which was studied using ground- and satellite-data. The sun photometer observations of the AERONET station on 12 May 2020 yielded an absorption Ångstorm exponent value of 1.01. This value corresponds to black carbon (BC) and indicates its dominance as a fine aerosol associated with CRB. The HYSPLIT model indicated a downwind trajectory towards Rajasthan from Haryana and Punjab (source of CRB). Atmospheric ageing and oxygenation of BC probably increased the number of hydrophilic surface sites. Thus, soot comprising BC particles got activated into cloud droplets through the heterogeneous nucleation of water vapour. As a result, the prevailing sub-saturation condition with 80% RH led to the wetting of BC particles through the nucleation of water vapour and increased ice concentration in the cloud anvils in the late night of 12 May 2020 and precipitated on 13 May 2020 (up to 58.2 mm). AERONET data highlights that the region had an abundance of BC produced from CRB. Apart from its water affinity, other particle characteristics such as porosity and polarity also augmented ice nucleation.

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Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study. The authors confirm that relevant information is included in the article and/or its supplementary information files. Source data for figures is provided in the paper.

We declare that the submission of this article implies that the work described has not been published previously and that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. We declare that the publication, if accepted, will not be published elsewhere in the same form, in English or any other language including electronically, without the written consent of the copyright holder.

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Acknowledgements 

We acknowledge with sincere gratitude the AERONET data provided by Dr. Brent Holben, NASA, USA, and Dr. Panuganti C.S. Devara, Principal Investigator of the AERONET Station, Amity University, Gurgaon, India. Weather data for the other locations were retrieved from https://www.weatheronline.in/weather/maps/city. We are grateful to the National Aeronautical Space Agency (NASA), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the National Snow and Ice Data Centre (NSIDC) for the use of MODIS and CALIPSO images, the EOSDIS data, and the access to Panoply Software. We appreciate the European Organization for Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) for the satellite-derived data from Meteosat Second Generation. We are also grateful to the India Meteorological Department and the Ministry of Water Resources, Government of Rajasthan, for the rainfall data from the ground-based meteorological weather stations.

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  1. Department of Physics, Visvesvarayya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur, 440010, India

    Nirmala D. Desouza

  2. Department of Crop Production, ICAR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, Nagpur, 441108, India

    D. Blaise & K. Velmourougane

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Desouza, N.D., Blaise, D. & Velmourougane, K. Soot Aerosols from Wheat Stubble Burning Lead to Ice Nucleation and Heavy Rainfall Over Arid Rajasthan, India. Water Air Soil Pollut 234, 200 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06213-y

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