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Oxidative Stress Induced by Mixture of Diclofenac and Acetaminophen on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

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Abstract

Pharmaceutical agents, like diclofenac and acetaminophen, are sold without prescription leading to excessive use. These agents may reach water bodies through various routes and attain significant concentrations, posing a risk to hydrobiont health. Diverse studies have shown that during the biotransformation of these compounds, reactive metabolites and reactive oxygen species are produced which induce oxidative stress and damage to diverse biomolecules. However, toxicity studies that assess the effects of a mixture of contaminants are scarce, being very important as this is how they are actually in the environment. The present study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress induced by mixture of diclofenac and acetaminophen on Cyprinus carpio and compare with the effect produced by these pharmaceuticals in isolation. A 96-h sublethal toxicity assay of the tested pharmaceuticals (isolated and in mixture) was performed and the following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, and activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. The pharmaceuticals evaluated induce oxidative stress on C. carpio in isolated form and as a mixture, but the level of damage being dependent on the organ evaluated as well as the type of toxicant and form of exposure (in isolation or as a mixture).

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Acknowledgments

This study was made possible through support from the National Science and Technology Council (CONACYT, project 151665) as well as the Research and Postgraduate Secretariat of the National Polytechnic Institute (SIP-IPN, projects 20100546 and 20121226).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    R. Nava-Álvarez, A. C. Razo-Estrada, S. García-Medina & M. Galar-Martínez

  2. Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Mexico

    L. M. Gómez-Olivan

  3. Laboratorio de Toxicología Acuática, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Col. Industrial Vallejo, Ciudad de México, Mexico

    M. Galar-Martínez

Authors
  1. R. Nava-Álvarez
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  2. A. C. Razo-Estrada
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  3. S. García-Medina
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  4. L. M. Gómez-Olivan
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  5. M. Galar-Martínez
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Correspondence to M. Galar-Martínez.

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Nava-Álvarez, R., Razo-Estrada, A.C., García-Medina, S. et al. Oxidative Stress Induced by Mixture of Diclofenac and Acetaminophen on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). Water Air Soil Pollut 225, 1873 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-014-1873-5

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