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Does Gender Equality Influence Volunteerism? A Cross-National Analysis of Women’s Volunteering Habits and Gender Equality

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Abstract

Research regarding the roles of women in society and in political and social organizations is large, with scholars focusing on the likelihood of political and social engagement. However, few of these studies examine the influence of gender on participation in voluntary organizations by utilizing cross-national data. This study intends to analyze the influence of gender on the type of organization that an individual volunteers and on whether these volunteering habits are influenced by the gender equality in a country. Is there segregation in the type of organizations men and women volunteer? Do women in more gender equal societies have similar volunteering patterns as men, or does the difference continue in volunteering? For this study, we use the World Values Survey from 1999 to 2002, to identify the differences in the types of organizations that men and women volunteer and discuss the impact gender equality has on these volunteering patterns.

Résumé

Les recherches sont nombreuses sur le rôle des femmes dans la société et dans les organisations politiques et sociales. Les universitaires s’intéressent plus particulièrement à la probabilité de l’engagement politique et social, peu de ces études mettent l’accent sur l’influence du sexe sur la participation à des organismes bénévoles en utilisant des données transnationales. La présente étude propose d’analyser l’influence du sexe sur le type d’organisation dans laquelle les personnes sont bénévoles et si ces habitudes de bénévolat sont influencées par l’égalité des sexes dans un pays. Existe-t-il une ségrégation du type d’organisations dans lesquelles les hommes et les femmes font du bénévolat ? Les femmes dans les sociétés plus égalitaires suivent-elles des modèles de volontariat semblables à ceux des hommes, ou existe-t-il une « voix différente » dans le bénévolat ? Pour cette étude, nous utilisons l’enquête World Values Survey de la période 1999–2002, en nous s’intéressant à l’identification des différences entre les organisations dans lesquelles les hommes et les femmes se portent volontaires et l’examen de l’impact que les rapports d’égalité femme-homme a sur ces modèles de volontariat.

Zusammenfassung

Es gibt umfangreiche Studien zu den Rollen von Frauen in der Gesellschaft und in politischen und sozialen Organisationen. Dabei steht für die Wissenschaftler die Wahrscheinlichkeit für ein politisches und soziales Engagement im Vordergrund. Nur wenige der Studien konzentrieren sich darauf, wie die Geschlechtszugehörigkeit die Mitwirkung in gemeinnützigen Organisationen beeinflusst, wobei sich diese Studien auf länderübergreifende Daten stützen. In der vorliegenden Studie soll untersucht werden, wie die Geschlechtszugehörigkeit darauf Einfluss nimmt, für welche Art von Organisation eine Person ehrenamtlich tätig ist, und ob sich die herrschende Geschlechtergleichstellung in einem Land auf die Verhaltensmuster im Zusammenhang mit der Freiwilligenarbeit auswirkt. Gibt es einen Unterschied in der Art der Organisationen, bei denen sich Männer und Frauen ehrenamtlich engagieren? Gleicht das ehrenamtliche Engagement von Frauen in Gesellschaften mit größerer Geschlechtergleichstellung dem von Männern, oder zeigen sich im Bereich der ehrenamtlichen Arbeit Unterschiede? Wir stützen uns für diese Studie auf die World Values Survey von 1999–2002, wobei wir insbesondere die Unterschiede zwischen den Organisationstypen, bei denen sich Männer und Frauen ehrenamtlich engagieren, herausstellen, und die Auswirkungen der Geschlechtergleichstellung auf die Muster ehrenamtlicher Tätigkeiten diskutieren.

Resumen

La investigación relativa a los papeles de las mujeres en la sociedad y en las organizaciones políticas y sociales es amplia. Los eruditos se centran en la probabilidad del compromiso político y social, algunos de estos estudios se centran en la influencia del género en la participación en organizaciones voluntarias utilizando datos transnacionales. El presente estudio pretende analizar la influencia del género en el tipo de organización en el que hace voluntariado un individuo y en si estos hábitos de voluntariado están influidos por la igualdad de género en un país. ¿Existe segregación en el tipo de organizaciones en las que hacen voluntariado hombres y mujeres? ¿Tienen las mujeres patrones de voluntariado similares a los hombres en sociedades con mayor igualdad de género, o existe una “voz diferente” en el voluntariado? Para este estudio, utilizamos la Encuesta Mundial sobre Valores de 1999–2002, centrándonos en identificar las diferencias en los tipos de organizaciones en las que hacen voluntariado los hombres y las mujeres y tratando el impacto que la igualdad de género tiene en estos patrones de voluntariado.

摘要

对女性在社会以及政治组织和社会组织中的作用的研究是一项很大的研究,学者们的研究主要集中在女性政治参与和社会参与的可能性,很少利用跨国数据研究性别对参加志愿者机构的影响。本研究旨在分析当国内实现性别平等时,性别是否对志愿者参加的组织的类别以及志愿者参与习惯存在影响。 男性志愿者和女性志愿者参加的志愿者团体是否有所不同?在实现了男女平等的社团中, 女性参与的团体种类是否和男人参与的团体种类相似或在充当志愿者这一问题上是否存在“不同的声音”?在这一研究中, 我们利用了世界价值观调查协会 1999到2002 之间的数据, 重在发现男女志愿者参与的机构的类型差异,以及讨论性别平等对自愿参与模式的影响。

Arabic

بحث كبير فيما يتعلق بأدوار المرأة في المجتمع والمنظمات السياسية والإجتماعية. يركز العلماء على إحتمال المشاركة السياسية والإجتماعية، عدد قليل من هذه الدراسات يركز على تأثير الجنس على المشاركة في المنظمات التطوعية عن طريق إستخدام البيانات عبر الوطنية. تنوي هذه الدراسة على تحليل تأثير نوع الجنس على نوع المنظمة التي يتطوع فيها الأفراد وحول ما إذا كانت تتأثر عادات التطوع بالمساواة بين الجنسين في أي بلد . هل هناك تمييز عنصري في نوع المنظمات لتطوع الرجال والنساء ؟ هل النساء في المجتمعات المتساوية من الجنسين لديهم أنماط التطوع مماثلة للرجال، أم أن هناك “صوت مختلف” في العمل التطوعي؟ لهذه الدراسة نستخدم إستطلاع رأي لقيم العالم التي أجريت في 2000-1999، مع التركيز نحو تحديد الإختلافات في أنواع منظمات تطوع الرجال والنساء ومناقشة تأثير المساواة بين الجنسين على أنماط التطوع.

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Notes

  1. O’Neill (2006) found that volunteering in religious organizations (which perpetuate traditional gender roles) led to skill development and a stronger interest and greater participation in politics among Canadian women.

  2. The number of gender equality contexts, as measured by the country, is limited to 13. This limits the generalizability of the study yet these countries represent diverse gender equality contexts.

  3. While the membership of individuals in voluntary associations is a relevant and important area of research, it is beyond the scope of this research. The membership measure might be biased as it may also capture simple monetary or symbolic contributions to an organization rather than actual work within the organization.

  4. While this gender equality measure is not the optimal measure, we feel that it captures the multidimensional nature of gender equality in a country. A measure of women’s actual position in society is important to cue women on their expected roles and volunteering experiences. The UNDP has refined these gender inequality measures, and they have provided more precise measures in their current reports yet these refined measures are not available for the year these surveys were conducted.

  5. The use of religiosity is more appropriate than religious denomination because most major religions exhort their congregation to be active in volunteering and helping the poor and the church in particular. To control for specific denominations, we would be forced to make judgments on how individual denominations might influence their members differently. This is an assertion beyond the scope of this paper.

  6. While theoretically we argue that employment is not a necessary control, an individual’s employment status was included in an additional analysis and the results of the models did not change from those that are presented here.

  7. Stata’s margins command was used to calculate predicted probabilities and significance levels. The probabilities were calculated at the mean levels of education, income, religious importance, traditional values, and age.

  8. The small sample of 13 countries in this study prohibited the addition of other country level variables. See Bryan and Jenkins (2013) for a discussion of the limitations of too many country level variables with a small number of countries in the analysis.

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Wemlinger, E., Berlan, M.R. Does Gender Equality Influence Volunteerism? A Cross-National Analysis of Women’s Volunteering Habits and Gender Equality. Voluntas 27, 853–873 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-015-9595-x

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