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Risk factors, clinical indicators, and pathological findings of abomasal ulcers in tropical dairy buffaloes

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Abstract

The current study aimed at identifying the risk factors and initial diagnostic aids for abomasal ulcers. The risk factor analysis confirmed a significant association (P < 0.05) of abomasal ulcers with concentrate-rich diets (OR, 4.795; CI, 1.212–15.974) and concurrent disorders (OR, 2.978; CI, 0.987–8.980), while the buffaloes in early lactation (OR, 2.777; CI, 0.703–10.972) showed a higher tendency (P = 0.078) for the disorder. The depressed demeanour, dark or black manure (melena), anemia, tachycardia, decreased milk production, anorexia, tachypnea, absence of rumination, abdominal guarding, kyphosis, and tachypnea were the most frequent clinical signs. Subjecting the abomasal fluid for cultural isolation, gram staining, and stormy clot fermentation test identified the presence of clostridium perfringes, while screening through uniplex PCR detected cpa toxin. The buffaloes affected with type-3 and 4 abomasal ulcers exhibited a higher peritoneal fluid to serum ratio of total protein, albumin, and glucose with a low (P < 0.01) serum-ascites albumin gradient (SAAG) concentration compared to reference values of healthy buffaloes. The first two principal components of PCA explained 54.50% of the total variances with lymphocytes, creatine kinase, and rumen chloride levels as the top contributors to dimension I, and albumin, total protein, sodium, and methylene blue reduction time (MBRT) for rumen liquor as the major contributors to dimension II. The vector plot revealed lymphocytopenia, decreased hemoglobin, hypoalbuminemia, hypokalemia, decreased rumen pH, neutrophilia, eosinophilia, leucocytosis, greater MBRT, and higher rumen chloride, serum creatine kinase, and blood urea nitrogen as the major indicators for abomasal ulcers. Histopathological studies revealed infiltration of inflammatory cells in the mucosa along with multifocal areas of necrosis, degeneration, and eroded muscle structure. The study projected a few high-scored clinical signs and extremely variable clinical indicators as initial diagnostic aids of abomasal ulcers, which can be confirmed by ultrasonography and peritoneal fluid examination.

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Funding

Authors are thankful to Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University (SVVU) for providing MVSc student fellowship and facilities required to conduct the research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, 517 502, India

    Duvvuru Yasaswini & B. Shobhamani

  2. Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, YSR Administrative building, Tirupati, 517 502, India

    K. Nalini Kumari

  3. State-Level Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Tirupati, 517 502, India

    D. Rani Prameela

  4. Department of Veterinary Medicine, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Proddatur, 516 360, India

    B. Sudhakara Reddy

  5. Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Siddhartha Medical College, Gunadala, Vijayawada, 520 008, India

    K. Praveen Reddy

  6. Veterinary Dispensary, AP Animal Husbandry Department, Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, Taticherla, Andhra Pradesh, 523 356, India

    P. Ravi Kanth Reddy

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  1. Duvvuru Yasaswini
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Contributions

Conceptualization: K.N.K., B.S.R; Methodology: D.Y., B.S.R., K.P.R; Formal analysis: D.Y., B.S.R., K.P.R., P.R.K.R; Supervision: B.S.R., K.N.K., B.S., D.R.P., MVSc Project administration: D.Y., K.N.K., B.S.R., B.S; Statistical analysis: P.R.K.R; Literature collection: D.Y., P.R.K.R; Writing-original draft preparation: D.Y., P.R.K.R; Writing-review and editing: P.R.K.R. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to P. Ravi Kanth Reddy.

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Yasaswini, D., Kumari, K.N., Shobhamani, B. et al. Risk factors, clinical indicators, and pathological findings of abomasal ulcers in tropical dairy buffaloes. Vet Res Commun 47, 1139–1154 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11259-023-10070-9

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