Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Meta-Topolin mediated in vitro propagation in an ornamentally important crop Iris × hollandica Tub. cv. professor Blaauw and genetic fidelity studies using SCoT markers

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) Aims and scope Submit manuscript

A Correction to this article was published on 18 October 2022

This article has been updated

Abstract

Dutch iris is a commercially important bulbous ornamental crop. Its high demand in global floriculture market necessitates the production of its high-quality planting material. In the present investigation, an efficient in vitro propagation system has been developed for Iris × hollandica Tub. cv. Professor Blaauw (Dutch iris) using meta-Topolin (mT) for the first time. Effect of various concentrations of BAP, Kn, and mT (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2 mg L−1) along with varying photoperiods (16 h light and dark incubation for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks) on in vitro shoot induction from the twin scale explants was studied. Of the cytokinins tested, different doses of mT has resulted in better shoot induction response from twin scale explants than BAP and Kn. Photoperiod duration has also affected shoot induction response significantly. Along with dark incubation for 1 week, cytokinin mT at 1.0 mg L−1 in MS medium has resulted in maximum shoot induction response (91.63%) with increased emergence of micro shoots (4.83 shoots/explant with average shoot length of 5.02 cm). Efficacy of BAP and mT alone or in combination with auxins for in vitro shoot multiplication was also compared. The synergistic effect of cytokinin-auxin in multiplication medium comprising MS + 1.0 mg L−1 mT + 0.25 mg L−1 NAA resulted in considerably higher number of shoots (17.53) with mean shoot length (7.06 cm) and maximum number of bulblets (2.74). Positive effect of increased sucrose concentration (90 g L−1) alone or with paclobutrazol (5 mg L−1) on in vitro bulblet formation and bulblet size was observed respectively. The superiority of mT over BAP was also found during in vitro rhizogenesis. Shoots raised on the mT medium were healthy and long enough, thus showed better rooting response (63.83%) on ½ MS medium + 0.5 mg L−1 IAA after 4 weeks of incubation. About 89.16% survival rate was recorded for in vitro raised plantlets under ex vitro conditions. Analysis of clonal fidelity of thirteen in vitro regenerated plants was done using SCoT markers. Out of 36 primers, 13 primers showed clearly scorable monomorphic bands, thus displaying genetic uniformity among in vitro regenerated plantlets. This mT mediated protocol can be routinely used for the rapid large scale production of this valuable floriculture crop.

Key message

Reliable and consistent mT mediated protocol for in vitro regeneration of Dutch iris was established, which can be applied for rapid large scale production of this valuable floriculture crop and will also open up the way for genetic engineering/gene editing in iris and other bulbous crops.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/supplementary material. Further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author.

Change history

Abbreviations

mT/Meta-Topolin:

6-(3-Hydroxybenzylamino)purine

BAP:

6-Benzylaminopurine

Kn/Kinetin:

6-Furfurylaminopurine

NAA:

α-Naphthyl acetic acid

PGRs-:

Plant growth regulators

MS:

Murashige and Skoog

Week:

wk

IAA:

Indole 3-acetic acid

SCoT:

Start Codon targeted

PGRs:

Plant growth regulators

References

  • Ahmad A, Anis M (2019) Meta-topolin improves in vitro morphogenesis, rhizogenesis and biochemical analysis in Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.: a potential drug-yielding tree. J Plant Growth Regul 38:1007–1016

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aremu AO, Bairu MW, Szüčová L, Doležal K, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2012) Assessment of the role of meta-topolins on in vitro produced phenolics and acclimatization competence of micropropagated ‘Williams’ banana. Acta Physiol Plant 34:2265–2273

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aremu AO, Dole¿ al K, Van Staden J (2015) New cytokinin-like compounds as a tool to improve rooting and establishment of micropropagated plantlets. VI Int Symp Prod Establ Micropropag Plants 1155:497–504

    Google Scholar 

  • Ascough GD, Erwinb JE, Staden JV (2009) Micropropagation of iridaceae a review. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 97:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayoub IM, Korinek M, Hwang TL, Chen BH, Chang FR, El- Shazly M, Singab ANB (2018) Probing the antiallergic and anti-inflammatory activity of biflavonoids and dihydroflavonols from Dietes bicolor. J Nat Prod 81:243–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Azeri FN, Öztürk G (2021) Microbulb and plantlet formation of a native bulbous flower, Lilium monodelphum M. Bieb, var. Armenum, through tissue culture propagation. Biotechnol Rep 32:e00665.

  • Bach A, Kapczyńska A, Dziurka K, Dziurka M (2015) Phenolic compounds and carbohydrates in relation to bulb formation in Lachenalia ‘Ronina’and ‘Rupert’in vitro cultures under different lighting environments. Sci Hortic 188:23–29

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bairu MW, Stirk WA, Doležal K, Van Staden J (2007) Optimizing the micropropagation protocol for the endangered Aloe polyphylla: can meta-topolin and its derivatives serve as replacement for benzyladenine and zeatin? Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 90:15–23

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barandiaran X, Martin N, Alba C, Rodriguez-Conde MF, Di Pietro A, Martin J (1999) An efficient method for the in vitro management of multiple garlic accessions. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 35:466–469

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharyya P, Kumaria S, Diengdoh R, Tandon P (2014) Genetic stability and phytochemical analysis of in vitro regenerated plants of Dendrobium nobile Lindl., an endangered medicinal orchid. Meta Gene 2:489–504

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bhojwani SS, Dantu PK (2013) Micropropagation. In Plant tissue culture: an introductory text. Springer, India, pp 245–274.

  • Bonnier FJM, Van T (1997) Long term in vitro storage of lily. Effect of temperature and concentration of nutrient and sucrose. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 9:81–87

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Britannica, The editors of encyclopaedia. "Iridaceae". Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/plant/Iridaceae.

  • Cheesman L, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2010) Eucomis zambesiaca baker: factors affecting in vitro bulblet induction. S Afric J Bot 76:543–549

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coenen C, Lomax TL (1997) Auxin—cytokinin interactions in higher plants: old problems and new tools. Trends Plant Sci 2:351–356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elayaraja D, Subramanyam K, Vasudevan V, Sathish S, Kasthurirengan S, Ganapathi A, Manickavasagam M (2019) Meta-topolin (mT) enhances the in vitro regeneration frequency of Sesamum indicum (L.). Biocatal. Agric Biotechnol 21:101320

  • Fang-Yong C, Ji-Hong L (2014) Germplasm genetic diversity of Myrica rubra in Zhejiang province studied using inter-primer binding site and start codon-targeted polymorphism markers. Sci Hortic 170:169–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faisal M, Ahmad N, Anis M, Alatar AA, Qahtan AA (2018) Auxin-cytokinin synergism in vitro for producing genetically stable plants of Ruta graveolens using shoot tip meristems. Saudi J Biol Sci 25:273–277

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fennell CW, Van Staden J, Bornman CH (2004) Biotechnology of southern African bulbs. S Afr J Bot 70:37–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gangopadhyay M, Chakraborty DS, Dewanjee S, Bhattacharya S (2010) Clonal propagation of Zephyranthes grandiflora using bulbs as explants. Biol Plant 54:793–797

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gantait S, Mandal N, Das PK (2010) An overview on in vitro culture of genus Allium. Am J Plant Physiol 5:325–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gao S, Zhu Y, Zhou L, Fu X, Lei T, Chen Q, Yu X, Zhou Y, Li W, Hu J, Hu D (2018) Sucrose signaling function on the formation and swelling of bulblets of Lilium sargentiae EH Wilson. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 135:143–153

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • García-Fortea E, Lluch-Ruiz A, Pineda-Chaza BJ, García-Pérez A, Bracho-Gil JP, Plazas M, Gramazio P, Vilanova S, Moreno V, Prohens J (2020) A highly efficient organogenesis protocol based on zeatin riboside for in vitro regeneration of eggplant. BMC Plant Biol 20:1–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gentile A, Frattarelli A, Nota P, Condello E, Caboni E (2017) The aromatic cytokinin meta-topolin promotes in vitro propagation, shoot quality and micrografting in Corylus colurna L. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 128:693–703

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gentile A, Gutiérrez MJ, Martinez J, Frattarelli A, Nota P, Caboni E (2014) Effect of meta-Topolin on micropropagation and adventitious shoot regeneration in Prunus rootstocks. Plant Cell Tissue Org Cult 118:373–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta S, Kachhwaha S, Kothari SL, Jain R (2020) Synergistic effect of cytokinins and auxins enables mass clonal multiplication of drumstick tree (Moringa oleifera Lam.): a wonder. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 56:458–469

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han BH, Yu HJ, Yae BW, Peak KY (2004) In vitro micropropagation of Lilium longiflorum ‘Georgia’by shoot formation as influenced by addition of liquid medium. Sci Hortic 103:39–49.

  • Hou X, Qi N, Wang C, Li C, Huang D, Li Y, Wang N, Liao W (2021) Hydrogen-rich water promotes the formation of bulblets in Lilium davidii var. unicolor through regulating sucrose and starch metabolism. Planta 254:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussey G (1975) Totipotency in tissue explants and callus of some members of the liliaceae, Iridaceae and Amaryllidaceae. J Exp Bot 26:253–262

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussey G (1976) Propagation of Dutch iris by tissue culture. Sci Hortic 4:163–165

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jayaprakash K, Manokari M, Badhepuri MK, Raj MC, Dey A, Shekhawat MS (2021) Influence of meta-topolin on in vitro propagation and foliar micro-morpho-anatomical developments of Oxystelma esculentum (Lf) Sm. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 147:325–337

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jehan H, Courtois D, Ehret C, Lerch K, Petiard V (1994) Plant regeneration of Iris pallida Lam. and Iris germanica L. via somatic embryogenesis from leaves, apices and young flowers. Plant Cell Rep 13:671–675

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jevremovic S, Radojevic LJ (2002) Plant regeneration from suspension cultures of Iris pumila L. Acta Hort 572:59–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keppel K (1978) The xiphiums. world Irises 277–281.

  • Khanam MN, Javed SB, Anis M, Alatar AA (2020) meta-Topolin induced in vitro regeneration and metabolic profiling in Allamanda cathartica L. Ind Crops Prod 145:111944

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim Y, Hasegawa P, Bressan R (1981) In vitro propagation of hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis). HortScience 16:645–647

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Kashyap M, Sharma DR (2005) In vitro regeneration and bulblet growth from lily bulbscale explants as affected by retardants, sucrose and irradiance. Biol Plant 49:629–632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langens-Gerrits MM, Lilien-Kipnis H, Croes T, Miller W, Kolloffel C, De Klerk GJ (1997) Bulb growth in lily regenerated in vitro. Acta Hortic 430:267–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langens-Gerrits MM, Kuijpers AM, De Klerk GJ, Croes A (2003) Contribution of explant carbohydrate reserves and sucrose in the medium to bulb growth of lily regenerated on scale segments in vitro. Physiol Plant 117:245–255

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lata H, Chandra S, Techen N, Khan IA, ElSohly MA (2016) In vitro mass propagation of Cannabis sativa L.: a protocol refinement using novel aromatic cytokinin meta-topolin and the assessment of eco-physiological, biochemical and genetic fidelity of micropropagated plants. J App Res Med Arom Plant 3:18–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Lattoo SK, Bamotra S, Sapru Dhar R, Khan S, Dhar AK (2006) Rapid plant regeneration and analysis of genetic fidelity of in vitro derived plants of Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker—an endangered medicinal herb. Plant Cell Rep 25:499–506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Manokari M, Priyadharshini S, Cokulraj M, Dey A, Shekhawat MS (2022) Meta-topolin induced morphometric and structurally stable bulblets in Malabar River Lily (Amaryllidaceae). Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 148:377–385

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meng L, Xiao K, Zhao M, Zhang G (2009) Technological system of tissue culture and rapid propagation of Iris lactea Pall. var. chinensis (Fisch.) Koidz. Bull Bot Res 29:193–197

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Naaz A, Hussain SA, Anis M, Alatar AA (2019) Meta-topolin improved micropropagation in Syzygium cumini and acclimatization to ex vitro conditions. Biol Plant 63:174–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nasircilar AG, Deniz IG (2014) An alternative plant propagation and conservation process for Iris pampyhlica an endemic and endangered geophyte. In Fifth international scientific agricultural symposium agrosym.

  • Ncube B, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2015) In vitro regeneration of Cyrtanthus species: ornamental plants with medicinal benefits. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol-Plant 51:42–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niimi Y, Onozawa T (1979) In vitro bulblet formation from leaf segments of lilies, especially Lilium rubellum Baker. Sci Hortic 11:379–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noman A, Aqeel M, Deng J, Khalid N, Sanaullah T, Shuilin H (2017) Biotechnological advancements for improving floral attributes in ornamental plants. Front Plant Sci 8:530

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nower A (2007) Micropropagation and bulblet formation In vitro of Dutch iris cv. BLUE MAGIC J Product Dev 12:329–340

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patel AK, Lodha D, Shekhawat NS (2020) An improved micropropagation protocol for the ex situ conservation of Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. (Rubiaceae): an endangered tree of pharmaceutical importance. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol-Plant 56:817–826

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Podwyszyńska M (2012) The mechanisms of in vitro storage organ formation in ornamental geophytes. Floricult Ornam Biotechnol 6:9–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Priyadharshini S, Kannan N, Manokari M, Shekhawat MS (2020) In vitro regeneration using twin scales for restoration of critically endangered aquatic plant Crinum malabaricum Lekhak and Yadav: a promising source of galanthamine. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 141:593–604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ptak A (2014) Leucojum aestivum L. in vitro bulbs induction and acclimatization. Cent Eur J Biol 9:1011–1021

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rafiq S, Rather ZA, Bhat RA, Nazki IT, Al-Harbi MS, Banday N, Farooq I, Samra BN, Khan MH, Ahmed AF, Andrabi N (2021) Standardization of in vitro micropropagation procedure of Oriental Lilium Hybrid Cv. ‘Ravenna.’ Saudi J Biol Sci 28:7581–7587

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahimi Khonakdari M, Rezadoos H, Heydari R, Mirjalili MH (2020) Effect of photoperiod and plant growth regulators on in vitro mass bulblet proliferation of Narcissus tazzeta L. (Amaryllidaceae), a potential source of galantamine. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 142:187–199

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman A-u, Nasim S, Baig I, Jalil S, Orhan I, Sener B, Choudhary MI (2003) Anti-inflammatory isoflavonoids from the rhizomes of Iris germanica. J Ethnopharmacol 86:177–180

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahmani MS, Pijut PM, Shabanian N, Nasri M (2015) Genetic fidelity assessment of in vitro-regenerated plants of Albizia julibrissin using SCoT and IRAP fingerprinting. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 51:407–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rai MK, Phulwaria M, Gupta AK, Shekhawat NS, Jaiswal U (2012) Genetic homogeneity of guava plants derived from somatic embryogenesis using SSR and ISSR markers. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 111:259–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rice LJ, Finnie JF, Van Staden J (2011) In vitro bulblet production of Brunsvigia undulata from twin-scales. South Afric J Bot 77:305–312

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahoo MR, Devi MP, Dasgupta M, Prakash N, Ngachan SV (2018) An efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration and conservation of Shirui lily (Lilium mackliniae Sealy): a lab-to-land approach to save the rare endangered Asiatic lily species. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Plant 54:701–710

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shekhawat JK, Rai MK, Shekhawat NS, Kataria V (2021) Synergism of m-topolin with auxin and cytokinin enhanced micropropagation of Maytenus emarginata. In Vitro Cell Develop Biol Plant 57:418–426

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shibli RA, Ajlouni MM (2000) Somatic embryogenesis in the endemic black Iris. Plant Cell Tissue Org an Cult 61:15–21

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simonet M (1932) Plant regeneration of Iris pallida Lam. and Iris germanica L. via somatic embryogenesis from leaves, apices and young flowers. Bull Biol Fr Belg 105:255–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Slabbert MM, De Bruyn MH, Ferreira DI, Pretorius J (1993) Regeneration of bulblets from twin scales of Crinum macowanii in vitro. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 33:133–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stanišić M, Raspor M, Ninković S, Milošević S, Ćalić D, Bohanec B, Trifunović M, Petrić M, Subotić A, Jevremović S (2015) Clonal fidelity of Iris sibirica plants regenerated by somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis in leaf-base culture—RAPD and flow cytometer analyses. S Afr J Bot 96:42–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tapingkae T, Taji A (1999) Light quality and quantity: their effects on in vitro growth and development of two Australian plant species. In: IV international symposium on new floricultural crops, vol 541, pp 281–288.

  • Teixeira da Silva JA, Shinoyama H, Aida R, Matsushita Y, Raj SK, Chen F (2013) Chrysanthemum biotechnology: quo vadis? Crit Rev Plant Sci 32:21–52

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur R, Sood A, Nagar PK, Pandey S, Sobti RC, Ahuja PS (2006) Regulation of growth of Lilium plantlets in liquid medium by application of paclobutrazol or ancymidol, for its amenability in a bioreactor system: growth parameters. Plant Cell Rep 25:382–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thakur J, Dwivedi MD, Sourabh P, Uniyal PL, Pandey AK (2016) Genetic homogeneity revealed using SCoT, ISSR and RAPD markers in micropropagated Pittosporum eriocarpum Royle— an endemic and endangered medicinal plant. PLoS ONE 11:e0159050

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Uzun S, İLBAŞ Aİ, Ipek A, Arslan N, Barpete S (2014) Efficient In vitro Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Endemic Iris sari and I. schachtii. Turk J Agric for 38:348–353

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Linde PCG, Hol GMGM, Blom-BarnhoornVAn AArtrIJK J, De KlerK GJ GJ (1987) In vitro propagation of Iris hollandica Tub. CV. Prof. Blaauw. I. Regeneration on bulb-scale explants. In: International Symposium on Propagation of Ornamental Plants 226:121–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang Y, Jeknic Z, Ernst RC, Chen TH (1999) Improved plant regeneration from suspension-cultured cells of Iris germanica L’. skating party. Hortic Sci 34:1271–1276

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Du Y, Rahman M, Tang B, Fan LJ, Kilaru A (2018) Establishment of an efficient in vitro propagation system for Iris sanguinea. Sci Rep 8:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Wen YB, Liu XX, Liu HJ, Wu CN, Meng HW, Cheng ZH (2020) High-frequency direct shoot organogenesis from garlic (Allium sativum L.) inflorescence and clonal fidelity assessment in regenerants. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult 141:275–287

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Werbrouck SP, Strnad M, Van Onckelen HA, Debergh PC (1996) Meta-topolin, an alternative to benzyladenine in tissue culture? Physiol Plant 98:291–297

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wojtania A (2010) Effect of meta-topolin in vitro propagation of Pelargonium x hortorum and Pelargonium x hederaefolium cultivars. Acta Soc Bot Pol 79:101–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Sun M, Zhang J, Zhang R, Min R, Wang X, Xia Y (2019) Differential effects of paclobutrazol on the bulblet growth of oriental lily cultured in vitro: growth behavior, carbohydrate metabolism, and antioxidant capacity. J Plant Growth Regul 38:359–372

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Z, Um YC, Kim CH, Lu G, Guo DP, Liu HL, Bah AA, Mao A (2008) Effect of plant growth regulators, temperature and sucrose on shoot proliferation from the stem disc of Chinese jiaotou (Allium chinense) and in vitro bulblet formation. Acta Physiol Plant 30:521–528

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yabuya T, Ikeda Y, Adachi T (1991) In vitro propagation of Japanese garden iris, Iris ensata Thunb. Euphytica 57:77–81

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang X, Huang Y, Fan G (2013) Effects of different photoperiods on in vitro plantlet regeneration of Paulownia plants. J Chem Pharm Res 5:1446–1450

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang L, Chao L, Su X, Wang C, Dong C, Chen S (2021) High-frequency in vitro plantlet regeneration in Lilium davidii var. unicolour Salisb, an important edible and medicinal plant, and confirmation of genetic fidelity of regeneration plantlets using ISSR markers. Plant Biotechnol Rep 15:435–446

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Youssef NM, Shaaban SA, Ghareeb ZF, Taha L (2019) In vitro bulb formation of direct and indirect regeneration of Lilium orientalis cv. “Starfighter” plants. Bull Natl Res Cent 43:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu J, Li F, Yuan Y, Wang L (2015) Research on tissue culture and rapid propagation of iris. Acta Agric Jiangxi 27:25–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the Director, CSIR-IHBT, Palampur (HP), India for providing necessary facilities during study. The authors also acknowledge financial support to the present study by the project CSIR-Floriculture Mission (HCP-0037) funded by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Government of India. This is IHBT publication number 5153.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Floriculture Laboratory, Agrotechnology Division, CSIR–Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research), Post Box No 6, Palampur, HP, 176 061, India

    Vipasha Verma, Akhil Kumar,  Priti,  Seema, Meenakshi Thakur & Bhavya Bhargava

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India

    Bhavya Bhargava

Authors
  1. Vipasha Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Akhil Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Priti
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Seema
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Meenakshi Thakur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Bhavya Bhargava
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

VV and BB conceived and planned the work. VV designed the experiments. VV, AK, P and S performed the experiments. VV and MT performed the data analysis. VV wrote the original draft of the manuscript. VV and BB supervised the experiments and edited the final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bhavya Bhargava.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing interests.

Additional information

Communicated by M. I. Beruto.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The original version of this article has been revised: Fig. 2 and its caption, the caption to Fig. 3, and some column headings in Tables 2 and 3 have been corrected.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PPTX 13451 kb)

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Verma, V., Kumar, A., Priti et al. Meta-Topolin mediated in vitro propagation in an ornamentally important crop Iris × hollandica Tub. cv. professor Blaauw and genetic fidelity studies using SCoT markers. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 151, 681–694 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-022-02383-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-022-02383-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation