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Development and Testing of the MarSCoDe LIBS Calibration Target in China’s Tianwen-1 Mars Mission

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Abstract

The Mars Surface Composition Detector (MarSCoDe) is a remote sensing instrument mounted on the front deck of the Zhurong rover in China’s Tianwen-1 mission. The MarSCoDe adopts Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), along with Short Wave Infrared Spectroscopy (SWIR) and a telescopic micro-imager, to perform in situ detection of the chemical composition of soils, rocks, and minerals on the Martian surface. Since the MarSCoDe LIBS system works in extraterrestrial environments, it is important to equip the system with a set of onboard calibration targets, which are used for assessing the real-time performance of the instrument under various environmental conditions and conducting instrumental response calibration. Twelve dedicated LIBS reference samples were embedded as the MarSCoDe calibration target (MCCT) set, which plays a critical role in LIBS calibration before conducting LIBS analysis. This paper elaborates on the selection, development, characterization and testing of the MCCT set. The underlying scientific reasons and technical requirements that determine the selection of MCCT samples are introduced. The development procedures and mechanical performance test of both the calibration samples and the assembly holder are presented. Then, a comparison of the MCCTs and the characterization and scientific testing are described. The LIBS spectra of the MCCTs collected in three different atmospheric scenarios, namely laboratory-simulated Martian, normal terrestrial, and in situ Martian atmosphere, were investigated. The laboratory results and in situ behaviour show that the MarSCoDe instrument and the MCCT set can soundly adapt to the Martian environment with sufficient performance, as indicated by the fact that the spectral lines of the main elements in the calibration targets can be well identified and distinguished, including Ti, Si, Al, Fe, Mg, P, Ca, Na, K, O, C, H, S, etc. The MCCT samples provide a good reference for analysing Martian surface material composition and formulating the transfer relationship between the LIBS spectra measured in different atmospheric environments.

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Abbreviations

CAS:

Chinese Academy of Sciences

2D:

Two Dimensional

LIBS:

Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

SWIR:

Short Wave Infrared Spectroscopy

TMI:

Telescopic Micro-Imager

CCD:

Charge Coupled Devices

CMOS:

Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

MarSCoDe:

Mars Surface Composition Detector

MCCT:

MarSCoDe Calibration Target

CCCT:

ChemCam Calibration Target

SCCT:

SuperCam Calibration Target

CIP:

Cold Isostatic Pressing

SEM:

Scanning Electron Microscopy

EDS:

Energy Dispersive Spectrometer

XRF:

X-Ray Fluorescence

NIST:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

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Acknowledgements

The MarSCoDe team appreciates all those who have provided support to the MarSCoDe development project at various institutes or academies.

Funding

This work was supported by China’s first Mars exploration program led by Lunar Exploration and Space Engineering Center of China National Space Administration (CNSA). We thank the funding from Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (No. 22ZR1472400 and No. 23ZR1473200), the grant from Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, CAS (No. CXJJ-22S019), Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, CAS (No. LDSE201904), the supports from the Pre-research project on Civil Aerospace Technologies (No. D020102), the China National Space Administration (CNSA) and the National Natural Science Foundation (No. U1931211), Shanghai Rising-Star Program (No. 23QA1411000) and National Key R&D Program of China (No. 2022YFF0504100).

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  1. Key Laboratory of Space Active Opto-electronics Technology, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, 200083, China

    Xiangfeng Liu, Weiming Xu, Luning Li, Zhixin Yan, Chongfei Liu, Jun Chen, Zhenqiang Zhang & Rong Shu

  2. Key Laboratory of Lunar and Deep Space Exploration, National Astronomical Observatories, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China

    Xiangfeng Liu, Xin Ren, Jianjun Liu & Chunlai Li

  3. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Engineering Materials Application and Evaluation, Shanghai Research Institute of Materials, Shanghai, 200437, China

    Hai Qi

  4. Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, 310024, China

    Weiming Xu & Rong Shu

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Liu, X., Xu, W., Qi, H. et al. Development and Testing of the MarSCoDe LIBS Calibration Target in China’s Tianwen-1 Mars Mission. Space Sci Rev 219, 43 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11214-023-00987-7

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