Abstract
Spectral continua observed during solar flares may contain information about both thermal and non-thermal heating mechanisms. Using two semi-empirical flare models F2 and FLA, we synthesize the thermal continua from optical to mm–radio domains and compare their intensities with quiet-Sun values computed from a recent model C7. In this way, the far-infrared and sub-mm/mm continua are studied for the first time, and we present our results as a benchmark for further modeling and for planning new observations, especially with the ALMA instrument. Finally, we demonstrate how these continua are formed and show a close correspondence between their brightness temperature and the kinetic-temperature structure of the flaring atmosphere.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allen, C.W.: 1973, Astrophysical Quantities, Athlone Press, London.
Aschwanden, M.J.: 2004, Physics of the Solar Corona, Springer, Berlin.
Avrett, E.H.: 2007. In: Heinzel, P., Dorotovič, I., Rutten, R.J. (eds.) The Physics of Chromospheric Plasmas CS-368, Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, 81.
Avrett, E.H., Loeser, R.: 2003. In: Piskunov, N., Weiss, W.W., Gray, D.F. (eds.) Modeling of Stellar Atmospheres, IAU Symp. 210, Astron. Soc. Pac., San Francisco, A21.
Avrett, E.H., Loeser, R.: 2008, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 175, 229.
Avrett, E.H., Machado, M.E., Kurucz, R.L.: 1986. In: Neidig, D.F. (ed.) The Lower Atmosphere of Solar Flares, NSO, Sunspot, 216.
Carlsson, M.: 1998. In: Vial, J.-C., Bocchialini, K., Boumier, P. (eds.) Space Solar Physics, Lecture Notes in Physics 507, Springer, Berlin, 163.
Carlsson, M., Stein, R.F.: 1995, Astrophys. J. Lett. 440, L29.
Cheng, J.X., Ding, M.D., Carlsson, M.: 2010, Astrophys. J. 711, 185.
Cristiani, G., Giménez de Castro, C.G., Mandrini, C.H., Machado, M.E., de Benedetto e Silva, I., Kaufmann, P., Rovira, M.G.: 2008, Astron. Astrophys. 492, 215.
Fontenla, J.M., Avrett, E.H., Loeser, R.: 1990, Astrophys. J. 355, 700.
Jess, D.B., Mathioudakis, M., Christian, D.J., Keenan, F.P., Ryans, R.S.I., Crockett, P.J.: 2010, Solar Phys. 261, 363.
Karlický, M., Bárta, M., Dabrowski, B., Heinzel, P.: 2011, Solar Phys. 268, 165.
Kašparová, J., Heinzel, P.: 2002, Astron. Astrophys. 382, 688.
Kašparová, J., Varady, M., Heinzel, P., Karlický, M., Moravec, Z.: 2009a, Astron. Astrophys. 499, 923.
Kašparová, J., Heinzel, P., Karlický, M., Moravec, Z., Varady, M.: 2009b, Cent. Eur. Astrophys. Bull. 33, 309.
Krucker, S., Bastian, T., Giménez de Castro, C.G., Hales, A.S., Hudson, H.S., Kašparová, J., Klein, K.-L., Kretzschmar, M., Lüthi, T., Mackinnon, A., Pohjolainen, S., Trottet, G., White, S.M.: 2011, Astron. Astrophys. Rev., submitted.
Kurucz, R.L.: 1970, SAO Special Rep. 309.
Loukitcheva, M.A., Solanki, S.K., Carlsson, M., Stein, R.F.: 2004, Astron. Astrophys. 419, 747.
Machado, M.E., Avrett, E.H., Vernazza, J.E., Noyes, R.W.: 1980, Astrophys. J. 242, 336.
Mauas, P.J.D.: 1990, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 74, 609.
Mauas, P.J.D., Machado, M.E., Avrett, E.H.: 1990, Astrophys. J. 360, 715.
Ohki, K., Hudson, H.S.: 1975, Solar Phys. 43, 405.
Rybicki, G.B., Lightman, A.P.: 1979, Radiative Processes in Astrophysics, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
Trottet, G., Raulin, J.-P., Kaufmann, P., Siarkowski, M., Klein, K.-L., Gary, D.E.: 2002, Astron. Astrophys. 381, 694.
Vernazza, J.E., Avrett, E.H., Loeser, R.: 1981, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 45, 635.
Vial, J.-C., Auchere, F., Chang, J., Fang, C., Gan, W.Q., Klein, K.-L., Prado, J.-Y., Trottet, G., Wang, C., Yan, Y.H.: 2007, Adv. Space Res. 40, 1787.
Xu, Y., Cao, W., Liu, Ch., Yang, G., Jing, J., Denker, C., Emslie, A.G., Wang, H.: 2006, Astrophys. J. 641, 1210.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Solar Flare Magnetic Fields and Plasmas
Guest Editors: Y. Fan and G.H. Fisher
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Heinzel, P., Avrett, E.H. Optical-to-Radio Continua in Solar Flares. Sol Phys 277, 31–44 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-011-9823-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11207-011-9823-5