Abstract
The main idea proposed in this article is that organizations which provide facilities for reconciling working and family life among their employees—family-friendly companies—not only make it easier for mothers to combine work and family, but also, for fathers. Consequently, working in this type of environment may stimulate the father’s involvement in childcare. For the case of Spain, based on the sample of 3,094 males originating in the macro Survey of Quality of Life in the Workplace of 2007, an indicator of a family-friendly company was constructed. From this indicator, as well as other socio-labor variables that appear in the survey, a descriptive statistical analysis and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried in order to know, first, if working in this type of workplace exerts a positive effect on male workers’ willingness to take maternity leave (in the event of having a child); and, second, what is the effect on this willingness of some other relevant socio-labor variables (age, university studies, non-working partner, working in public administration and high net monthly earnings). Findings indicated that age, having a non-working partner and being high income men are factors reducing male workers’ inclination to ask for leave. And, conversely, working in family-friendly companies makes it more likely that males will take leave.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abril, P., & Romero, A. (2008). Public and private companies with gender and conciliation policies for men. In P. Gaborit (Ed.), Genres, temps sociaux et parentés (pp. 217–239). Paris: Harmattan.
Agresti, A. (2002). Categorical data analysis. New York: Wiley.
Alberdi, I., & Escario, P. (2007). Los hombres jóvenes y la paternidad [Young men and fatherhood]. Madrid: Fundación BBVA.
Albert, R., Escot, L., Fernández-Cornejo, J. A., & Poza, C. (2008). El permiso de paternidad y la desigualdad de género. Propuestas de reforma para el caso de España [Paternity leave and gender inequality. Reform proposals for the case of Spain]. Economic Analysis Working Papers (EAWP), 7(13).
Amuedo-Dorantes, C., & De la Rica, S. (2009). The timing of work and work-family conflicts in Spain: Who has a split work schedule and why? IZA Discussion Paper 4542.
Barnett, R. C., & Hyde, J. S. (2001). Women, men, work, and family: An expansionist theory. American Psychologist, 56, 781–796. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.56.10.781.
Becker, G. (1991). A treatise on the family. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bittman, M., Hoffman, S., & Thompson, D. (2004). Men’s uptake of family friendly employment provisions (Policy research paper 22). Canberra: Department of Family and Community Services.
Blau, F. D., Ferber, M. A., & Winker, A. E. (2001). The economics of women, men and work. New York: Prentice Hall.
Bond, J. T., Thompson, C., Galinsky, E., & Prottas, D. (2002). National study of the changing Workforce. New York: Families and Work Institute.
Brandth, B., & Kvande, E. (2002). Reflexive fathers: Negotiating parental leave and working life. Gender, Work and Organization, 9, 186–203. doi:10.1111/1468-0432.00155.
Bustelo, M., & Lombardo, E. (2007). Políticas de Igualdad en España y en Europa. Afinando la Mirada [Equality policies in Spain and Europe. Tuning the look]. Madrid: Cátedra.
Bustelo, M., & Peterson, E. (2005). Conciliación y (des)igualdad. Una mirada debajo de la alfombra de las políticas de igualdad entre mujeres y hombres [Conciliation and (in) equality. A look under the carpet of the policies of equality between women and men]. SOMOS Revista de Desarrollo y Educación Popular, 7, 32–37.
Carrasquer, P., Massó, M., & Martín, A. (2007). Discursos y estrategias en torno a la conciliación de la vida laboral y familiar en la negociación colectiva [Discourses and strategies concerning the reconciliation of work and family life in collective bargaining]. Papers, 83, 13–36.
Castro, C., & Pazos, M. (2007). Permisos de maternidad, paternidad y parentales en Europa: algunos elementos para el análisis de la situación actual [Maternity, paternity and parental leave in Europe: Some elements for the analysis of current situation]. Papeles de Trabajo, 26, 1–55.
Chinchilla, N., Masuda, A., & De Las Heras, M. (Eds.). (2010). Balancing work and family: No matter where you are. Amherst: HRD Press.
Chinchilla, N. (2008). IFREI 2007: Frenos e impulsores para ser una EFR [Inhibitors and drives to be a family friendly company]. Madrid: Centro Internacional Trabajo y Familia, IESE.
Covás, S. (2009). Hombres con valores igualitarios. Historias de vida, logros alcanzados y cambios pendientes [Men with egalitarian values. Life stories, achievements and pending changes]. Madrid: Ministerio de Igualdad.
Crompton, R. (2006). Employment and the family. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Devreux, A. M. (2007). New fatherhood in practice: Domestic and parental work performed by men in France and in the Netherlands. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 38, 87–103.
Emakunde (2007). La igualdad te hace más hombre [Equality makes you more man]. Instituto Vasco de la Mujer (Emakunde). Vitoria: Gobierno Vasco.
Escobedo, A. (2010). Country notes: Spain, International Network on Leave Policy and Research. Retrieved from http://www.leavenetwork.org/fileadmin/Leavenetwork/Country_notes/spain_06052011.pdf
Eurostat (2006). How is the time of women and men distributed in Europe? Statistics in Focus, Issue number 4/2006. Luxembourg: European Communities.
Fox, E., Pascall, G., & Warren, T. (2009). Work-family policies, participation, and practices: Fathers and childcare in Europe. Community, Work & Family, 12, 313–326. doi:10.1080/13668800902966323.
Frone, M. R. (2002). Work-family balance. In J. C. Quick & L. E. Tetrick (Eds.), Handbook of occupational health psychology (pp. 143–162). Washington, DC: APA Books.
Fursman, L., & Callister, P. (2009). Men’s participation in unpaid care. A review of the literature. Wellington: Department of Labour of New Zealand Government.
Galinsky, E., Bond, J. T., & Sakay, K. (2008). 2008 National Study of Employers (NSE). New York: Families and Work Institute.
Galinsky, E., Bond, J., & Friedman, D. (1996). The role of employers in addressing the needs of employed parents. Journal of Social Issues, 52, 111–136. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1996.tb01582.x.
Gaunt, R. (2006). Biological essentialism, gender ideologies, and role attitudes: What determines parents’ involvement in child care. Sex Roles, 55, 523–533. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9105-0.
Geisler, E., & Kreyenfeld, M. (2009). Against all odds: Fathers’ use of parental leave in Germany (Working paper WP 2009–010). Max-Planck-Institut Für Demografische Forschung.
Greenhaus, J. H., & Powell, G. N. (2006). When work and family are allies: A theory of work-family enrichment. Academy of Management Review, 31, 72–92. doi:10.5465/AMR.2006.19379625.
Haas, L., & Hwang, P. (1995). Company culture and men’s usage of family leave benefits in Sweden. Family Relations, 44, 28–36.
Haas, L., & Hwang, P. (2007). Gender and organizational culture: Correlates of companies’ responsiveness to fathers in Sweden. Gender and Society, 21, 52–79. doi:10.1177/0891243206295091.
Haas, L., Allard, K., & Hwang, P. (2002). The impact of organizational culture on men’s use of parental leave in Sweden. Community, Work and Family, 5, 319–342. doi:10.1080/1366880022000041801.
Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L., & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate data analysis (5th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.
Holter, Ø. G. (2007). Men’s work and family reconciliation in Europe. Men and Masculinities, 9, 425–456. doi:10.1177/1097184X06287794.
Hook, J. L. (2006). Care in context: Men’s unpaid work in 20 countries, 1965–2003. American Sociological Review, 71, 639–660. doi:10.1177/000312240607100406.
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (1989). Applied logistic regression. New York: Wiley.
King, E. B., Botsford, W. E., & Huffman, A. H. (2009). Work, family, and organizational advancement: Does balance support the perceived advancement of mothers? Sex Roles, 61, 879–891. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9692-7.
Lamb, M. E., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2004). The role of the father: An introduction. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed., pp. 1–31). New York: Wiley.
Lammi-Taskula, J. (2008). Doing fatherhood: Understanding the gendered use of parental leave in Finland. Fathering, 6, 133–148. doi:10.3149/fth.0602.133.
Lapuerta, I., Baizán, P., & González, M. J. (2011). Individual and Institutional Constraints: An Analysis of Parental Leave Use and Duration in Spain. Population Research and Policy Review, 30, 185-210. doi:10.1007/s11113-010-9185-y.
Levine, J. A., & Pittinsky, T. L. (1997). Working fathers: New strategies for balancing work and family. New York: Addison-Wesley.
Lombardo, E. (2009). Spanish policy on gender equality: Relevant current legislation and policies. Brussels: European Parliament.
Lundberg, S., & Pollak, R. A. (1996). Bargaining and distribution in marriage. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10, 139–158. doi:10.1257/jep.10.4.139.
Manser, M., & Brown, M. (1980). Marriage and household decision making: A bargaining analysis. International Economic Review, 21, 31–44.
McElroy, M. B., & Horney, M. J. (1981). Nash bargained household decisions. International Economic Review, 22, 333–349.
Mincer, J., & Polachek, S. (1974). Family investments in human capital: Earnings of women. Journal of Political Economy, 82, S76–S108.
Nepomnyaschy, L., & Waldfogel, J. (2007). Paternity leave and fathers’ involvement with their young children. Evidence from the American Ecls-B. Community, Work & Family, 10, 427–453. doi:10.1080/13668800701575077.
OECD. (2007). Babies and bosses. Reconciling work and family life. A synthesis of findings for OECD countries. Paris: OECD.
O’Brien, M., & Shemilt, I. (2003). Working fathers, earning and caring. Research Discussion Series. Manchester: Equal Opportunities Commission.
Pleck, J. H. (1997). Paternal involvement: Levels, sources, and consequences. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (pp. 66–103). New York: Wiley.
Pleck, J. H., & Masciadrelli, B. P. (2004). Paternal involvement by U. S. residential fathers: Levels, sources, and consequences. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (4th ed., pp. 222–271). New York: Wiley.
Poelmans, S. (2008). Introduction. In S. Poelmans & P. Caligiuri (Eds.), Harmonizing work, family, and personal life: From policy to practice (pp. 1–16). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Poelmans, S., & Stepanova, O. (2008). How to become a family-responsible firm. Proposing a model for cultural change. In S. Poelmans & P. Caligiuri (Eds.), Harmonizing work, family, and personal life: From policy to practice (pp. 235–277). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ray, R., Gornick, J. C., & Schmitt, J. (2008). Parental leave policies in 21 countries. Assessing generosity and gender equality. Washington, DC: Center for Economic and Policy Research (CEPR).
Reich, N. (2010). Who cares? Determinants of the fathers’ use of parental leave in Germany (Paper 1–31). Hamburg: HWWI Research, Hamburg Institute of International Economics.
Ruiz, S., & Plaza, M. (2010). Gender equality policies in Spain. Queries, 2, 80–100.
Seguridad Social (2009). Retrieved from http://www.seg-social.es/Internet_1/Lanzadera/index.htm?URL=82
Sen, A. (1990). Gender and cooperative conflicts. In I. Tinker (Ed.), Persistent inequalities: Women and world development (pp. 123–149). New York: Oxford University Press.
Sevilla-Sanz, A., Giménez-Nadal, J. A., & Fernández, C. (2010). Gender roles and the division of unpaid work in Spanish households. Feminist Economics, 16, 137–184. doi:10.1080/13545701.2010.531197.
Seward, R. R., & Richter, R. (2008). International research on fathering: An expanding horizon. Fathering, 6, 87–91. doi:10.3149/fth.0602.87.
Seward, R. R., Stanley-Stevens, L., Cready, C., Igoe, D. G., Richardson, V., & Roberts, J. (2006a). Explaining fathers’ involvement with children: Theories, models, and research concepts. Paper presented at the 101 Annual Meeting of the American Sociological Association, Montréal.
Seward, R. R., Yeatts, D. E., Zottarelli, L. K., & Fletcher, R. G. (2006b). Fathers taking parental leave and their involvement with children: An exploratory study. Community, Work and Family, 9, 1–9. doi:10.1080/13668800500421093.
Smeaton, D. (2006). Dads and their babies: A household analysis. Equal Opportunities Commission Working Paper Series (No. 44). The Policy Studies Institute.
Sundstrom, M., & Duvander, A. Z. E. (2002). Gender division of childcare and the sharing of parental leave among new parents in Sweden. European Sociological Review, 18, 433–447. doi:10.1093/esr/18.4.433.
Torres, J., Matus, M., Calderón, F., & Gómez, A. (2008). Sesgo de género en la negociación colectiva de medidas de conciliación. El caso andaluz [Gender bias in collective bargaining of reconciliation measures. The case of Andalusia]. Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 71, 197–208.
Valiente, C. (2008). Spain at the vanguard in European gender equality policies. In S. Roth (Ed.), Gender politics in the expanding European Union: Mobilization, inclusion, exclusion. New York: Berghahn.
Varanka, J. (2008). La igualdad de género necesita a los hombres, los hombres necesitan igualdad de género [Gender equality needs men, men need gender equality]. In Congreso Internacional Sare 2007: Masculinidad y vida cotidiana. Emakunde.
Wall, K., & Escobedo, A. (2009). Portugal and Spain: Two pathways in Southern Europe. In S. B. Kamerman & P. Moss (Eds.), The politics of parental leave policies. Children, parenting, gender and the labour market (pp. 207–226). Bristol: The Policy Press.
Warren, J. A., & Johnson, P. J. (1995). The impact of workplace support on work-family role strain. Family Relations, 44, 163–169.
Whitehouse, G., Diamond, C., & Baird, M. (2007). Fathers’ use of leave in Australia. Community, Work and Family, 10, 387–407. doi:10.1080/13668800701575002.
Yeung, W. J., Sandberg, J. F., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Hofferth, S. L. (2001). Children’s time with fathers in intact families. Journal of Marriage and Family, 63, 136–154. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00136.x.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Appendix
Appendix
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Escot, L., Fernández-Cornejo, J.A., Lafuente, C. et al. Willingness of Spanish Men to Take Maternity Leave. Do Firms’ Strategies for Reconciliation Impinge on This?. Sex Roles 67, 29–42 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0142-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-012-0142-6