Abstract
Wastewater from instant coffee production has high organic content. The non-biodegradable compounds of the organic portion, such as caffeine, trigonelline, and diterpene, are difficult to be removed by conventional processes. Electro-Fenton (EF) with particulate catalyst has been found to be a promising method to treat such compounds. Comparing with homogenous Fenton process, EF uses fewer chemicals and generated less sludge. The catalysts can be easily recovered by magnets if they have magnetic properties. In this study, 30–60 nm composite Fe3O4–Mn3O4 nanoparticles were prepared and used as EF catalyst for the treatment of non-biodegradable organic matters in biologically pre-treated wastewater from instant coffee production. These particles were found to contain Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, and Mn3O4, which were effective metal sources for Fenton reactions. The correlations between three important operating parameters (i.e., pH, catalyst concentration, and current density) and the treatment efficiency of the non-biodegradable compounds were elucidated by response surface method (Box–Behnken design) via Modde software. An optimal condition was found at a pH of 3.8, a Fe3O4–Mn3O4 concentration of 0.5 g/L, and a current density of 19.6 mA/cm2. After 60 min of treatment at this condition, the highest removal efficiencies of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, and total organic carbon in the wastewater were 88%, 98%, and 93%, respectively. With this degree of treatment, the COD and color in treated wastewater met the highest treatment level of Vietnam National Technical Regulation on Industrial Wastewater (QCVN 40:2011, column A, 75 mgO2/L for COD, and 50 Pt–Co for color).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.K. Chapagain, A.Y. Hoekstra, Value of Water Research Report Series: The Water Needed to Have the Dutch Drink Coffee (Delft, UNESCO-IHE, 2003), p. 21
S. Humbert, Y. Loerincik, V. Rossi, M. Margni, O. Jolliet, J. Clean. Prod. 17, 1351 (2009)
S. Rattan, A.K. Parande, V.D. Nagaraju, G.K. Ghiwari, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 22, 6461 (2015)
S.C.H. Panchangama, K. Janakiraman, Desalin. Water Treat. 15, 119 (2015)
I. Oller, S. Malato, J.A. Sánchez-Pérez, Sci. Total Environ. 409, 4141 (2011)
Z.P. Teresa, G. Gunther, H. Fernando, J. Environ. Sci. 19, 300 (2007)
R.L. Fia, A.T. Fátima, A.C. Matos, R.Paulo Borges, J. Environ. Manag. 108, 14 (2012)
M. Selvamurugan, P. Doraisamy, M. Maheswari, Eco. Eng. 36, 1686 (2010)
P.V. Nidheesh, R. Gandhimathi, Chemosphere 201, 399 (2018)
H. He, Z. Zhou, Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 0, 1 (2017)
A.K. Adel, I. Azni, S. Katayon, T.G. Chuah, Glob. Nest 6, 222 (2004)
N. Mohan, N. Balasubramanian, C.A. Basha, J. Hazard, Mater. 147, 644 (2007)
G.C. Silva, V.S.T. Ciminelli, A.M. Ferreira, N.C. Pissolati, P.R.P. Paiva, J.L. López, Mater. Res. Bull. 49, 544 (2014)
N. Jaafarzadeh, B. Kakavandi, A. Takdastan, R.R. Kalantary, M. Azizi, S. Jorfi, RSC Adv. 5, 84718 (2015)
Z. He, Z. Zhou, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53, 3435 (2014)
Z. Es’haghzade, E. Pajootan, H. Bahrami, M. Arami, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 71, 91 (2017)
L. Xu, J. Wang, Environ. Sci. Technol. 46, 10145 (2012)
H. Zhao, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, T.C. Cao, G. Zhao, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 125, 120 (2012)
Z. Wan, J. Wang, J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 92, 874 (2016)
Z. Wan, J. Wang, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 24, 568 (2017)
J.M.D. Coey, Mangnetism and Magnetic Materrials (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2010), p. 422
B. Hou, H. Han, S. Jia, H. Zhuang, P. Xu, D. Wang, Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng. 56, 138 (2015)
P.V. Nidheesh, R. Gandhimathi, S. Velmathib, N.S. Sanjinib, RSC Adv. 4, 5698 (2014)
W.E. Federation, and American Public Health Association, Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. (American Public Health Association, Washington DC, USA, 2005), pp. 452–457, 466–470
G.C. Silva, Mater. Res. Bul. 49, 544 (2014)
G. Box, N. Draper, Empirical Model-Building and Response Surfaces (Wiley, New York, 1987), p. 205
S. Rezgui, A. Amrane, F.F. Assadi, L. Monser, N. Adhoum, Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 226, 346 (2018)
M. Panizzaa, M.A. Oturan, Electrochim. Acta 56, 7084 (2011)
T. Rhadfi, J.Y. Piquemal, F.H.L. Sicard, M.B.E. Briot, A. Atlamsani, Appl. Catal. A: General 386, 132 (2010)
C.J. Chen, H.Y. Lai, C.C. Lin, J.S. Wang, R.K. Chiang, Nanoscale Res. Letters 4, 1343 (2009)
T. He, S.J. Traina, Clay Mine. 42, 13 (2007)
M. Li, Principle. (West Campus Materials Characterization Core, Yale University, 2019).
B. Neto, I.S. Scarminio, R.E. Bruns, Statistical Design – Chemometrics, 1st edn. (Elsevier sci, Amsterdam, 2006), p. 245
A. El-Ghenymy, S. Sergi-Garcia, R.M. Rodriguez, E. Brillas, M.S. El Begrani, B.A. Abdelouahid, J. Hazard. Mater. 221, 288 (2012)
D. Kliaugaite, K. Yasadi, G. Euverink, M.F.M. Bijmans, V. Racys, Sep. Purif. Technol. 108, 37 (2013)
H. Liu, X.Z. Li, Y.J. Leng, C. Wang, Water Res. 45, 1161 (2007)
S. Qiu, D. He, M.A. Jinxing, X.L. Tong, T.D. Wait, Desalination 176, 51 (2015)
G. Buftia, E. Rosales, M. Pazos, G. Lazar, M.A. Sanromán, Sci. Tot. Environ. 635, 397 (2018)
R. Nisticò, Res. Chem. Intermediat. 43, 6911 (2017)
S. Karthikeyan, A. Titus, A. Gnanamani, A. Mandal, G. Sekaran, Desalination 281, 438 (2011)
N. Wang, J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 4, 762 (2016)
E. Rosales, M. Pazos, M.A. Sanroman, Chem. Eng. Technol. 35, 609 (2011)
Acknowledgements
This research is funded by Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City (VNU-HCM) under the Grant Number B2018-20-03.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nguyen, D.D.D., Nguyen, C.N.T., Huynh, K. et al. Optimization of electro-Fenton process for the removal of non-biodegradable organic compounds in instant coffee production wastewater using composite Fe3O4–Mn3O4 nanoparticle catalyst. Res Chem Intermed 45, 5341–5356 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-019-03973-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-019-03973-3