Abstract
The present study explores the mediating role of deliberative belief and the moderating role of gender on the relationships between Facebook® addiction and self-efficacy for learning among 690 college students. Self-administered questionnaires, including a Facebook® Addiction Scale, a Deliberative Belief Scale and a Self-efficacy for Learning Scale were utilized to collect the data. The results indicated that there was a negatively significant relationship between Facebook® addiction and deliberative belief (β = − 0.25, p < .001) and a positively significant relationship between deliberative belief and self-efficacy for learning (β = + 0.53, p < .001). A multigroup analysis using structure equation modeling also demonstrated that gender moderated the relationship between Facebook® addiction and deliberative belief. The findings revealed that high Facebook® addiction was associated with decreased deliberative belief, which was further associated with decreased self-efficacy for learning. Moreover, Facebook® addiction tends to significantly reduce the self-efficacy for learning for male students but not for female students.
References
Albayrak, D., Yildirim, Z.: Using social networking sites for teaching and learning: Students’ involvement in and acceptance of Facebook as a course management system. J. Educ. Comput. Res. 52(2), 155–179 (2015). doi:10.1177/0735633115571299
Andreassen, C.S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, C.S., Pallesen, S.: Development of a Facebook addiction scale. Psychol. Rep. 110(2), 501–517 (2012)
Anderson, A.A., Brossard, D., Scheufele, D.A., Xenos, M.A., Ladwig, P.: The, “nasty effect”: online incivility and risk perceptions of emerging technologies. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 19(3), 373–387 (2014)
Astin, A.W.: Student involvement: a developmental theory for higher education. J. Coll. Stud. Pers. 25, 297–308 (1984)
Bandura, A.: Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control. W.H. Freeman and Company, New York (1997)
Bandura, A.: Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs (1986)
Barber, B.: Strong Democracy. Berkeley, University of California Press (1984)
Barber, B.R.: Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. University of California Press, Los Angeles (2003)
Baron, R.M., Kenny, D.A.: The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J. Personal. Soc. Psychol. 51, 1173–1182 (1986). doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Bentler, P.M.: Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol. Bull. 107, 238–246 (1990). doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
Berlin, I.: Two concepts of liberty. In: Four Essays on Liberty. Oxford University Press, Oxford (1969)
Bollen, K.A.: Structural Equations with Latent Variables. Wily, New York (1989)
Bollen, K.A.: Overall fit in covariance structure models: two types of sample size effects. Psychol. Bull. 107, 256–259 (1990). doi:10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.256
Borgida, E., Worth, K.A., Lippmann, B., Ergun, D., Farr, J.: Beliefs about deliberation: personal and normative dimensions. J. Soc. Issues 64(3), 551–569 (2008). doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2008.00577.x
Bosch, T.E.: Using online social networking for teaching and learning: Facebook use at the University of Cape Town. Communication 35(2), 185–200 (2009). doi:10.1080/02500160903250648
Coe, K., Kenski, K., Rains, S.A.: Online and uncivil? Patterns and determinants of incivility in newspaper website comments. J. Commun. 84(4), 658–679 (2014)
Conroy, M., Feezell, J.T., Guerrero, M.: Facebook and political engagement: A study of online political group membership and offline public engagement. Comput. Hum. Behav. 28(5), 1535–1546 (2012)
Dahlgren, P.: Internet and the democratization of civic culture. Polit. Commun. 17, 335–340 (2000)
Dylko, I.B.: How technology encourages political selective exposure. Commun. Theory 26(4), 389–409 (2016)
Dylko, I., McCluskey, M.: Media effects in an era of rapid technological transformation: a case of user-generated content and political participation. Commun. Theory 22, 250–278 (2012). doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2012.01409.x
Garrett, K.R.: Echo chambers online? Politically motivated selective exposure among Internet news users. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 14, 265–285 (2009)
Gutmann, A., Thompson, D.: Democracy and Disagreement. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge (1996)
Gutmann, A.: Democratic Education. Princeton University Press, Princeton (1999)
Gutmann, A.: Identity in Democracy. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2003)
Gutmann, A., Thompson, D.: Why Deliberative Democracy?. Princeton University Press, Princeton (2004)
Fang, I.: Alphabet to Internet: Mediated communication in our lives. Rada Press, St. Paul (2008)
Fishkin, J.S.: The Voice of the People: Public Opinion and Democracy. Yale University Press, New Haven (1997)
Fishkin, J.S., Luskin, R.C.: Experimenting with a democratic ideal: deliberative polling and public opinion. Acta Polit. 40, 284–298 (2005)
Fung, A.: Varieties of participation in complex governance, Special issue. Public Adm. Rev. 66, 66–75 (2006)
Habermas, J.: The Theory of Communication Action. Beacon Press, Boston (1984)
Heiberger, G., Harper, R.: Have you facebooked Astin lately? Using technology to increase student involvement. N. Dir. Stud. Serv. 124, 19–35 (2008)
Hoover, E.: Colleges face tough sell to freshmen, survey find. Chron. Higher Educ. 54(21), 1 (2008)
Iyengar, S., Hahn, K.S.: Red media, blue media: evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. J. Commun. 59, 19–39 (2009). doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
Kalpidou, M., Costin, D., Morris, J.: The relationship between Facebook and well-being of undergraduate college students. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 14(4), 183–189 (2011). doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0061
Kalyanaraman, S., Sundar, S.S.: The psychological appeal of personalized content in Web portals: Does customization affect attitudes and behavior? J. Commun. 56, 110–132 (2006). doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00006.x
Kline, R.B.: Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York (2005)
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J.: Multivariate Data Analysis, 6th edn. Macmillian, New York (2006)
Lent, R.W., Lopez, A.M., Lopez, F.G., Shue, H.B.: Social cognitive career theory and the prediction of interests and choice goals in the computing disciplines. J. Vocat. Behav. 73(1), 52–62 (2008). doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2008.01.002
Lee, W.Z.Y., Cheung, C.M.K., Tadani, D.R.: An investigation into the problematic use of Facebook. Paper Presented at the 45th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Maui, HI, January 4–7 (2012)
Leighninger, M.: Using Online Tools to Engage—and be Engaged—by the Public. IMB Center for the Business of Government, Washington, D.C. Retrieved from http://www.businessofgovernment.org/report/using-online-tools-engage-public (2010)
Markham, A., Baym, N.: Internet Inquiry: Conversations about Method. Thousand Oaks: Sage (2009)
Mehdizadeh, S.: Self-presentation 2.0: Narcissism and self-esteem on Facebook. Cyberpsychol. Behav. Soc. Netw. 13, 357–364 (2010). doi:10.1089/cyber.2009.0257
Mutz, D.C.: Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative Versus Participatory Democracy. Cambridge University Press (2006)
Norris, P.: Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (2001)
Kuss, D.J., Griffiths, M.D.: Addiction to social networks on the internet: a literature review of empirical research. Int. J. Environ. Public Health 8, 3528–3552 (2011)
Pateman, C.: Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge University Press, New York (1970)
Putnam, R.D.: Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. Simon and Schuster, New York (2000)
Roblyer, M.D., McDaniel, M., Webb, M., Herman, J., Witty, J.V.: Findings on Facebook in higher education: a comparison of college faculty and student uses and perceptions of social networking sites. Internet High. Educ. 13(3), 134–140 (2010). doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2010.03.002
Ruiz, C., Domingo, D., Mico, J.L., Diaz-Noci, J., Koldo, M., Masip, P.: Public sphere 2.0? The democratic qualities of citizen debates in online newspapers. Int. J. Press/Polit. 16(4), 463–487 (2011)
Ryan, T., Xenos, S.: Who uses Facebook? An investigation into the relationship between the big five, shyness, narcissism, loneliness and Facebook usage. Comput. Hum. Behav. 27, 1658–1664 (2011). doi:10.1016/j.chb.2011.02.004
Santana, A.D.: Online readers’ comments represent new opinion pipeline. Newsp. Res. J. 32(3), 66–81 (2011)
Sobel, M.E.: Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociol. Methodol. 13, 290–312 (1982). doi:10.2307/270723
Steiger, J.H., Lind, J.: Statistically-Based Tests for the Number of Common Factors. Paper Presented at the Annual Spring Meeting of the Psychometric Society, Iowa City (1980)
Stroud, N.J., Scacco, J.M., Muddiman, A., Curry, A.L.: Changing deliberative norms on news organizations’ facebook® sites. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 20, 188–203 (2015)
Shah, D. V., Rojas, H., & Cho, J.: Media and civic participation: On understanding and misunderstanding communication effects. In J. Bryant & M. B. Oliver (Eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 207–227). Routledge, New York (2009)
Shi, R., Messaris, P., Cappella, J.N.: Effects of online comments on smokers’ perception of antismoking public service announcements. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 19(4), 975–990 (2014)
Stroud, N.J.: Polarization and partisan selective exposure. J. Commun. 60, 556–576 (2010). doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01497.x
Taber, C.S., Lodge, M.: Motivated skepticism in the evaluation of political beliefs. Am. J. Polit. Sci. 50(3), 755–769 (2006)
Tess, P.A.: The role of social media in higher education classes (real and virtual) – a literature review. Comput. Hum. Behav. 29(5), A60–A68 (2013). doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.032
Thompson, S.H., Lougheed, E.: Frazzled by facebook? An exploratory study of gender differences in social network communication among undergraduate men and women. Coll. Stud. J. 46(1), 88–98 (2012)
Throgmorton, J.A.: The rhetorics of policy analysis. Policy Sci. 24, 153–179 (1991)
Tucker, L.R., Lewis, C.: A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika 38, 1–10 (1973). doi:10.1007/BF02291170
Valenzuela, S., Park, N., Kee, K.F.: Is there social capital in a social network site? Facebook® use and college students’ life satisfaction, trust, and participation. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 14, 875–901 (2009)
Valenzuela, S., Arriagada, A., Scherman, A.: The social media basis of you protest behavior: the case of Chile. J. Commun. 62, 299–314 (2012)
Wells, T., Link, M.: Facebook® user research using a probability-based sample and behavioral data. J. Comput.-Mediat. Commun. 19, 1042–1052 (2014)
Wojcieszak, M.E., Mutz, D.C.: Online groups and political discourse: Do online discussion spaces facilitate exposure to political disagreement? J. Commun. 59, 40–56 (2009)
Xenos, M., Moy, P.: Direct and differential effects of the Internet on political and civic engagement. J. Commun. 57(4), 704–718 (2007)
Zimmerman, J.F.: Participatory Democracy: Populism Revived. Praeger, New York (1986)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lin, Cw. Gender as a moderator of the relationship between Facebook® addiction and self-efficacy for learning in a college sample: the mediating effect of deliberative belief. Qual Quant 52, 2435–2454 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0576-6
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-017-0576-6