Abstract
Research in the field of social representations and of norm conditionality has enabled the construction of specific tools such as the conditional script questionnaire (CSQ) and the use of various methods of analysis. The first aim of this study is to show the differences of conditionality between male and female drivers toward pedestrians. To test this hypothesis, a version of the CSQ has been fitted to the pedestrian. We show that conditionality toward the pedestrian is more significant for men in certain specific situations and we highlight that women are more aware of the vulnerability of pedestrians. The second stage is aimed at improving knowledge between conditionality and risk taking, by using Bayes’ theorem for the first time. It is demonstrated that a Bayesian network based on the CSQ can be built in order to model the perception of hazardous situations.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abric J.C.: Jeux, Conflits et Représentations Sociales. Thèse de doctorat d’Etat, Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence (1976)
Abric J.C.: Les représentations sociales: aspects théoriques. In: Abric, J.C. (ed.) Pratiques Sociales et Représentation., pp. 11–35. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (1994)
Byrnes J.P., Miller D.C., Schafer W.D.: Gender differences in risk taking: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 125(3), 367–383 (1999)
Cohen J.: Chance, Skill and Luck. Penguin, Hammonds-Worth, Middlesex (1960)
Cohen J.: Behaviour in Uncertainty and its Social Implications. Basic Books, New York (1964)
Cohen J., Preston B.: Causes & Prevention of Road Accidents. Faber & Faber limited, London (1968)
Coombs C.H., Dawes R.M., Tversky A.: Psychologie Mathématique. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (1975)
Edwards W.: Behavioral decision theory. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 12, 473–498 (1961)
Edwards W.: Dynamic decision theory and probabilistic information processing. Hum. Factors 4, 59–73 (1962)
Edwards W.: Social Utilities. Eng. Econ. 6, 119–129 (1971)
Edwards W., Lindman H., Savage J.: Bayesian statistical inference for psychological research. Psychol. Rev. 70, 193–242 (1963)
Evans L.: Traffic Safety and the Driver. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York (1991)
Finucane M.L., Slovic P., Mertz C.K., Flynn J., Satterfield T.: Gender, race and perceived risk: the ‘white-male’ effect. In: Slovic, P. (ed.) The Feeling of Risk., pp. 125–140. Earthscan, London (2010)
Flament C.: Pratiques et représentations sociales. In: Beauvois, J.L., Joule, R.V., Monteil, J.M. (eds) Perspectives Cognitives et Conduites Sociales. Tome 1: Théories Implicites et Conflits Cognitifs, pp. 143–150. Del Val, Cousset (1987)
Flament C.: Structure et dynamique des représentions sociales. In: Jodelet, D. (ed.) Les Représentations Sociales., pp. 204–219. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (1989)
Flament C.: Structure, dynamique et transformation des représentations sociales. In: Abric, J.C. (ed.) Pratiques Sociales et Représentations., pp. 37–57. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (1994a)
Flament C.: Aspects périphériques des représentations sociales. In: Guimelli, C. (ed.) Structures et Transformations des Représentations Sociales., pp. 85–118. Delachaux et Niestlé, Lausanne (1994b)
Flament C.: Représentation sociale et normativité: quelques pistes. In: Buschini, F., Kalampakis, N. (ed.) Penser la vie, Le social, La nature. Mélanges en L’honneur de Serge Moscovici., pp. 257–261. Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, Paris (2001)
Flynn J., Slovic P., Mertz C.M.: Gender, race and perception of environmental health risk. Risk Anal. 14(6), 1101–1108 (1994)
Gaymard, S.: Les études supérieures comme enjeu dans un contexte de négociation implicite entre les filles d’origine maghrébine et leurs parents: Aspects conditionnels et normatifs des représentations sociales dans une situation de biculturalisme. Thése de Doctorat publiée, Université de Provence, Aix-en-Provence (1999)
Gaymard, S.: La représentation de la conduite chez des jeunes conducteurs: Une étude de la conditionnalité routière. Recherche Transports Sécurité (2007). doi:10.3166/rts.97.339-359
Gaymard S.: Norms in social representations: two studies with french young drivers. Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Leg. Context 1(2), 165–181 (2009)
Gaymard S., Agbotsoka T., Nzobounsana V.: La Représentation des Interactions Conducteurs/piétons: Une Approche Des émotions Actes du Colloque Organisé par l’ADRIPS: “Emotions. en Psychologie Sociale” (p. 49). Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, France (2009)
Gaymard S., Allain P., Osiurak F., Le Gall D.: The conditions of respect of rules in young and elderly drivers: an exploratory study. Eur. J. Psychol. Appl. Leg. Context 3(1), 11–28 (2011)
Gaymard S., Andrés S., Nzobounsana V.: La representación social y las emociones de los conductores Franceses y Españoles acerca de los peatones. In: Expósito, F., Herrera, M.C., Buela-Casal, G., Novo, M., Fariña, F. (eds.) Psicología Jurídica. Áreas de Investigación., pp. 435–442. Consellería de Presidencia, Xustiza e Administracións Públicas, Santiago de Compostela (2011)
Gaymard, S., Boucher, V., Nzobounsana, V., Greffier, F., Fournela, F.: La perception des piétons par les conducteurs: corrélations entre les données d’un œil électronique et le verbatim des conducteurs/ drivers’ perception of pedestrians: correlations between the data of an electronic eye and drivers’ verbatim. Can. J. Behav. Sci./Rev. Can. Sci. Comport. (2012). http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0025789 (advance online publication)
Griffiths T.L., Yuille A.: A primer on probabilistic inference. Trends Cogn. Sci. (supplement to special issue on probabilistic models of cognition) 10(7), 1–11 (2006)
Jensen F.V.: An Introduction to Bayesian Networks. Taylor and Francis, London (1996)
Jordan M.I., Ghahramani Z., Jaakkola T.S., Saul L.K.: An introduction to variational methods for graphical models. In: Jordan, M.I. (ed.) Learning in Graphical Models., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (1998)
Lebart L., Morineau A., Piron M.: Statistique Exploratoire Multidimensionnelle, 3ème edn. Dunod, Paris (2000)
Moscovici, S.: La psychanalyse, son image et son public, 2ème édn. Presses Universitaires de France, Paris (1961/76)
Nzobounsana, V., Gaymard, S.: Les analyses canoniques simple et généralisée linéaires: application à des données psychosociales. Math. Sci. Hum./Math. Soc. Sci. (2010). doi:10.4000/msh.11653
Parker D., West R., Stradling S., Manstead A.: Behavioural characteristics and involvement in different types of traffic accident. Accid. Anal. Prev. 27(4), 571–581 (1995)
Pearl J.: Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1988)
Pearl, J., Russel, S.: Bayesian networks. Report (R-277), November 2000. In: Arbib, M. (eds) Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks, pp 157–160. MIT Press, Cambridge (2001)
Satterfield T.A., Mertz C.K., Slovic P.: Discrimination, vulnerability, and justice in the face of risk. Risk Anal. 24(1), 115–129 (2004)
Schank R.C., Abelson R.P.: Scripts, Plan, Goals and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structures. Erlbaum, Hillsdale (1977)
Sécurité Routiére: Les grandes données de l’accidentologie. http://www2.securiteroutiere.gouv.fr/IMG/Synthese/SY_GDA.pdf (2006). Accessed 10 Mar 2008
Sjöberg L.: Factors in risk perception. Risk Anal. 20(1), 1–9 (2000)
Sjöberg L., Torell G.: The development of risk acceptance and moral valuation. Scand. J. Psychol. 34, 223–236 (1993)
Sjöberg L., Winroth E.: Risk, moral value of actions, and moods. Scand. J. Psychol. 27, 191–208 (1986)
Stern P.C., Dietz T., Kalof L.: Value orientations, gender and environmental concerns. Environ. Behav. 24, 322–348 (1993)
Waylen A., McKenna F.: Cradle Attitudes—Grave Consequences. The Development of Gender Differences in Risky Attitudes and Behaviour in Road Use. AA Foundation for Road Safety, Basingstoke (2002)
Zhang N.L., Poole D.: Exploiting causal independence in Bayesian network inference. J. Artif. Intell. Res. 5, 301–328 (1996)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Gaymard, S., Tiplica, T. Conditional respect towards the pedestrian: difference between men and women and risk modeling by the Bayesian approach. Qual Quant 48, 91–110 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9751-y
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-012-9751-y