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Ecophysiology of photosynthesis in macroalgae

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Abstract

Macroalgae occur in the marine benthos from the upper intertidal to depths of more than 200 m, contributing up to 1 Pg C per year to global primary productivity. Freshwater macroalgae are mainly green (Chlorophyta) with some red (Rhodophyta) and a small contribution of brown (Phaeophyceae) algae, while in the ocean all three higher taxa are important. Attempts to relate the depth distribution of three higher taxa of marine macroalgae to their photosynthetic light use through their pigmentation in relation to variations in spectral quality of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) with depth (complementary chromatic adaptation) and optical thickness (package effect) have been relatively unsuccessful. The presence (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae) or absence (Rhodophyta) of a xanthophyll cycle is also not well correlated with depth distribution of marine algae. The relative absence of freshwater brown algae does not seem to be related to their photosynthetic light use. Photosynthetic inorganic carbon acquisition in some red and a few green macroalgae involves entry of CO2 by diffusion. Other red and green macroalgae, and brown macroalgae, have CO2 concentrating mechanisms; these frequently involve acid and alkaline zones on the surface of the alga with CO2 (produced from HCO3 −) entering in the acid zones, while some macroalgae have CCMs based on active influx of HCO3 −. These various mechanisms of carbon acquisition have different responses to the thickness of the diffusion boundary layer, which is determined by macroalgal morphology and water velocity. Energetic predictions that macroalgae growing at or near the lower limit of PAR for growth should rely on diffusive CO2 entry without acid and alkaline zones, and on NH4 + rather than NO3 − as nitrogen source, are only partially borne out by observation. The impact of global environmental change on marine macroalgae mainly relates to ocean acidification and warming with shoaling of the thermocline and decreased nutrient flux to the upper mixed layer. Predictions of the impact on macroalgae requires further experiments on interactions among increased inorganic carbon, increased temperature and decreased nitrogen and phosphorus supply, and, when possible, studies of genetic adaptation to environmental change.

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Abbreviations

CA:

Carbonic anhydrase

CAM:

Crassulacean acid metabolism

CCN:

Complementary chromatic adaptation

CCM:

CO2 Concentrating mechanism

DBL:

Diffusion boundary layer

DIDS:

4,4′-Diisothiocyano-2,2′stibene disulfonic acid

PAR:

Photosynthetically active radiation

PEPc:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

PEPck:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase

Rubisco:

Ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase

UVA:

Ultraviolet A

UBB:

Ultraviolet B

UVR:

Ultraviolet radiation

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Acknowledgments

Barry Osmond continues, over more than 40 years, to be a scientific inspiration to JAR. JAR’s understanding of macroalgal photosynthesis has been much improved by collaboration with Mitchell Andrews, Lucy Ball, John Beardall, Rainer Box, Jenny Brenchley, Anthony Cheshire, Kenneth Dunton, Paul Falkowski, Richard Geider, Mario Giordano, Sheila Glidewell, Linda Handley, Howard Griffiths, Andrew Johnston, Beki Korb, Janet Kübler, Tony Larkum, Jeffrey MacFarlane, Shona McInroy, Stephen Maberly, Michele Marconi, Bruce Osborne, Barry Osmond, Lynda Poole, David Raffaelli, Simon Roberts, Goran Samuelsson, Charlie Scrimgeour, Andrew Smith, Misni bin Surif, Becky Taylor, Diana Walker and Alan Walker. Funding to JAR from NERC UK, the Royal Society of London and SERC (now BBSRC) UK is gratefully acknowledged. CLH was funded by Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden grant UOO0914. The University of Dundee is a registered Scottish Charity No SC 015096.

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  1. Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK

    John A. Raven

  2. School of Plant Biology, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia

    John A. Raven

  3. Department of Botany, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand

    Catriona L. Hurd

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Correspondence to John A. Raven.

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Raven, J.A., Hurd, C.L. Ecophysiology of photosynthesis in macroalgae. Photosynth Res 113, 105–125 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-012-9768-z

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-012-9768-z

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