Abstract
Background and aims
Spent mushroom substrates (SMSs) are widely used as organic fertilizer due to their high nutrients. However, the contribution of different types and amounts of SMSs to soil nutrients and microbial communities has been underreported. This study aims to provide data support for the selection and suitable application of SMSs, and to inform sustainable agricultural development.
Methods
The present study conducted a two-year field observation to investigate the effects of substituting 25% or 50% of chemical fertilizer (based on Nitrogen application) with Flammulina velutipes residue (FVR), Agaricus bisporus residue (ABR), and Auricularia auricula residue (AAR) on soil nutrients and microbial communities.
Results
Compared to chemical fertilizer treatment (CF), SMS treatments significantly increased soil organic carbon (OC) and carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) by 13.75–27.15% and 16.17–25.25%, respectively. The AAR treatment exhibited superior performance to other SMS treatments in improving soil nutrients. Notably, using AAR to replace 25% of chemical fertilizer (AAR1) was more effective than replacing 50% (AAR2) in enhancing nutrient availability. Compared to CF, the application of SMS significantly enhanced bacterial α-diversity without obviously affecting fungi. The relative abundance of Actinobacteria in AAR1 significantly decreased compared to CF. Furthermore, the application of SMS atered the proportions of bacterial and fungal functional groups. Finally, the application of SMS improved microbial diversity and altered microbial community composition by enhancing soil OC and C/N (especially AAR1).
Conclusions
This study crucially provides information on the application of SMS for nutrient amelioration and microbial community modulation, fostering a sustainable and resilient soil ecosystem.
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Acknowledgements
This study was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant Nos. 2022YFC3204004 and 2023YFF1305203), the Strategic Research and Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering (Grant No. 2023-DFZD-31).
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Ludan Chen and Wei Zhou contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Ludan Chen. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ludan Chen and Wei Zhou. The manuscript was revised by Chen Ludan, Bao Yuhai, He Xiubin and Deng Liangji. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Chen, L., Bao, Y., Zhou, W. et al. Responses of soil nutrients and microbial communities to the application of spent mushroom substrates. Plant Soil (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06679-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06679-7