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Effects of long-term application of organic materials on soil water extractable organic matter, fulvic acid, humic acid structure and microbial driving mechanisms

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Abstract

Aims

Long-term application of organic materials has been shown to significantly enhance the content of soil organic matter (SOM), underscoring the critical need to examine the components of soil organic carbon for a deeper understanding of SOM functionalities. Thus, the structural changes and microbial driving mechanisms of water extractable organic matter (WEOM), fulvic acid (FA) and humic acid (HA) were investigated in black soil by a long-term fertilization experiment.

Methods

This 33-year experiment comprises five treatments: no fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer (NPK), chemical fertilizer with low-rate straw (NPKJ1), chemical fertilizer with high-rate straw (NPKJ2), and chemical fertilizer with organic manure (NPKM). We also conducted a detailed study of WEOM, FA, HA, and the microbial community structure in both the 0–20 cm and 20–40 cm soil layers.

Results

Our findings indicate that organic material application primarily sourced WEOM, FA, and HA from microbial metabolism and plant-derived origins, exhibiting humus and aromatization characteristics with high molecular weight. WEOM was rich in fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like compounds, while FA and HA contained more protein-like components. Organic material use altered WEOM, FA, and HA structures by impacting soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and fungal/bacterial biomass. In 0–20 cm soil layer, SOM content was mainly influenced by humus, especially the HA fraction, whereas in 20–40 cm soil layer, it was predominantly affected by WEOM.

Conclusions

The present study emphasizes that the application of organic materials can influence the structure of microbial communities, thereby affecting the composition of WEOM, FA, and HA, consequently influencing the organic matter content in different soil layers.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Funding

The study was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2022YFD1500100), the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA28070100), the Chinese Agriculture Research System (CARS04), and the Young Scholars Program in Regional Development, Chinese Academy of Sciences (2022 − 027).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Black Soils Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Harbin, 150081, China

    Haoliang Feng, Xiaozeng Han, Yuanchen Zhu, Min Zhang, Yuxuan Ji, Xinchun Lu, Xu Chen, Jun Yan & Wenxiu Zou

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Haoliang Feng, Min Zhang & Yuxuan Ji

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  1. Haoliang Feng
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  2. Xiaozeng Han
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Haoliang Feng: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Investigation, Writing-Original Draft. Wenxiu Zou: Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Writing-Review & Editing. Yuanchen Zhu: Conceptualization, Writing-Review & Editing. Xinchun Lu: Methodology, Investigation. Xu Chen: Methodology, Investigation. Jun Yan: Methodology, Investigation. Min Zhang: Methodology, Investigation. Yuxuan Ji: Methodology, Investigation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Wenxiu Zou.

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Highlights

Organic materials shifted WEOM, FA and HA components by modifying microbial processing.

The contribution of different forms of organic matter to SOM varied by soil layer.

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Feng, H., Han, X., Zhu, Y. et al. Effects of long-term application of organic materials on soil water extractable organic matter, fulvic acid, humic acid structure and microbial driving mechanisms. Plant Soil (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-024-06522-z

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