Abstract
Aims
Moss biocrusts are important functional components of dryland soils. They could potentially be used to restore degraded dryland soils, but in sandy deserts, few cases of successful restoration have been reported. In this study, we investigated the growth-promoting effects of exogenous additives on moss biocrusts on sandy soils and their potential underlying mechanisms.
Methods
A field-based study was used to examine the effects of inoculation by bacteria (Actinomyces bovis, Bacillus megaterium) and algae (Chlorella vulgaris, Microcoleus vaginatus), bound with Artemisia sphaerocephala gum, on the growth of mosses on a sandy soil. We used 16S and 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing and microbial co-occurrence ecological network analysis to examine the structure and interaction of the microbial community under the best performing inoculation treatment in different moss development stages.
Results
The addition of exogenous microorganisms promoted moss biocrust growth. The best inoculation treatment was achieved with the addition of Actinomyces bovis and Chlorella vulgaris, which resulted in greater moss cover, height and density than the control. The addition of exogenous microorganisms improved microbial richness and diversity, and altered soil microbial community structure and assemblage, such as increasing the relative abundance of Streptophyta, which was associated with greater moss biocrust growth. Moreover, exogenous microorganisms strengthened the interactions among microbes and microbial community stability, and accelerated the degradation of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN).
Conclusions
Our findings reveal the growth-promoting mechanisms of microbial inoculation, which could provide a cost-effective method of restoring moss biocrusts in sandy deserts, offering new perspectives for dryland ecological restoration.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The sequencing data is publicly available on the SRA database under the Accession Number of SUB10063362.
References
Abhilash P, Dubey RK, Tripathi V, Gupta VK, Singh HB (2016) Plant growth-promoting microorganisms for environmental sustainability. Trends Biotechnol 34:847–850
Adessi A, De Philippis R, Rossi F (2021) Drought-tolerant cyanobacteria and mosses as biotechnological tools to attain land degradation neutrality. Web Ecol 21:65–78. https://doi.org/10.5194/we-21-65-2021
Agwa OK, Ogugbue CJ, Williams EE (2017) Field evidence of chlorella vulgaris potentials as a biofertilizer for hibiscus esculentus. Int J Agric Res 12:181–189. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijar.2017.181.189
Alori ET, Babalola OO (2018) Microbial inoculants for improving crop quality and human health in Africa. Front Microbiol 9:2213
Anderson MJ (2017) Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA). In: Balakrishnan N, Colton T, Everitt B, Piegorsch W, Ruggeri F, Teugels JL (eds) Wiley statsref: statistics reference online. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester
Antoninka A, Bowker MA, Barger NN, Belnap J, Giraldo-Silva A, Reed SC, Garcia-Pichel F, Duniway MC (2020a) Addressing barriers to improve biocrust colonization and establishment in dryland restoration. Restor Ecol 28:S150–S159. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13052
Antoninka A, Faist A, Rodriguez-Caballero E, Young KE, Chaudhary VB, Condon LA, Pyke DA (2020b) Biological soil crusts in ecological restoration: emerging research and perspectives. Restor Ecol 28:S3–S8. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13201
Bao T, Zhao Y, Gao L, Yang Q, Yang K (2019) Moss-dominated biocrusts improve the structural diversity of underlying soil microbial communities by increasing soil stability and fertility in the Loess Plateau region of China. Eur J Soil Biol 95:103120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2019.103120
Barberan A, Bates ST, Casamayor EO, Fierer N (2012) Using network analysis to explore co-occurrence patterns in soil microbial communities. ISME J 6:343–351. https://doi.org/10.1038/ismej.2011.119
Bastian M, Heymann S, Jacomy M (2009) Gephi: an open source software for exploring and manipulating networks. Icwsm 8:361–362
Belnap J, Eldridge D (2003) Disturbance and recovery of Biological Soil Crusts. In: Belnap J, Lange OL (eds) Biological soil crusts: structure, function, and management. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg
Belnap J, Weber B, Büdel B (2016) Biological soil crusts as an organizing principle in drylands. In: Weber B (ed) Biological soil crusts: an organizing principle in drylands. Springer International Publishing, Berlin
Bokulich NA, Subramanian S, Faith JJ, Gevers D, Gordon JI, Knight R, Mills DA, Caporaso JG (2013) Quality-filtering vastly improves diversity estimates from illumina amplicon sequencing. Nat Methods 10:57-U11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2276
Bowker MA, Antoninka AJ, Chuckran PF (2020) Improving field success of biocrust rehabilitation materials: hardening the organisms or softening the environment? Restor Ecol 28:S177–S186. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12965
Bu CF, Li RX, Wang C, Bowker MA (2018) Successful field cultivation of moss biocrusts on disturbed soil surfaces in the short term. Plant Soil 429:227–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-017-3453-0
Cao SM, Wang WK, Wang F, Zhang J (2016) Effects of actinomycetes on the growth and antioxidative characteristics of perennial ryegrass under drought stress. Acta Bot Boreali-Occidential Sinica 36:751–756. https://doi.org/10.7606/j.issn.1000-4025.2016.04.0751
Castenholz RW, Garcia-Pichel F (2012) Cyanobacterial responses to UV Radiation. In: BA, Whitton (eds) Ecology of cyanobacteria II: their diversity in space and time. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht
Colwell RK, Coddington JA (1994) Estimating terrestrial biodiversity through extrapolation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond 345:101–118. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1994.0091
Condon LA, Pyke DA (2016) Filling the interspacerestoring arid land mosses: source populations, organic matter, and overwintering govern success. Ecol Evol 6:7623–7632. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2448
Connell JH, Slatyer RO (1977) Mechanisms of succession in natural communities and their role in community stability and organization. Am Nat 111:1119–1144. https://doi.org/10.1086/283241
de Vries FT, Griffiths RI, Bailey M, Craig H, Girlanda M, Gweon HS, Hallin S, Kaisermann A, Keith AM, Kretzschmar M, Lemanceau P, Lumini E, Mason KE, Oliver A, Ostle N, Prosser JI, Thion C, Thomson B, Bardgett RD (2018) Soil bacterial networks are less stable under drought than fungal networks. Nat Commun 9:3033. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05516-7
Delgado-Baquerizo M, Maestre FT, Eldridge DJ, Bowker MA, Jeffries TC, Singh BK (2018) Biocrust‐forming mosses mitigate the impact of aridity on soil microbial communities in drylands: observational evidence from three continents. New Phytol 220:824–835. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2016-52
Deng Y, Jiang YH, Yang YF, He ZL, Luo F, Zhou JZ (2012) Molecular ecological network analyses. BMC Bioinformatics 13:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-13-113
Deutschmann IM, Lima-Mendez G, Krabberød AK, Raes J, Vallina SM, Faust K, Logares R (2021) Disentangling environmental effects in microbial association networks. Microbiome 9:232. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-021-01141-7
Eldridge DJ, Greene RSB (1994) Microbiotic soil crusts - a review of their roles in soil and ecological processes in the rangelands of Australia. Soil Res 32:389–415. https://doi.org/10.1071/sr9940389
Eldridge DJ, Travers SK, Val J, Wang JT, Liu H, Singh BK, Delgado-Baquerizo M (2020) Grazing regulates the spatial heterogeneity of soil microbial communities within ecological networks. Ecosystems 23:932–942. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-019-00448-9
Ferrenberg S, Reed SC, Belnap J (2015) Climate change and physical disturbance cause similar community shifts in biological soil crusts. Proc Nat Acad Sci 112:12116–12121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1509150112
Fick SE, Day N, Duniway MC, Hoy-Skubik S, Barger NN (2020) Microsite enhancements for soil stabilization and rapid biocrust colonization in degraded drylands. Restor Ecol 28:S139–S149. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13071
Fierer N, Bradford MA, Jackson RB (2007) Toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria. Ecology 88:1354–1364. https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1839
Garcia-Pichel F, Loza V, Marusenko Y, Mateo P, Potrafka RM (2013) Temperature drives the continental-scale distribution of key microbes in topsoil communities. Science 340:1574–1577. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1236404
Gralka M, Szabo R, Stocker R, Cordero OX (2020) Trophic interactions and the drivers of microbial community assembly. Curr Biol 30:R1176–R1188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.08.007
Green T, Sancho LG, Pintado A (2011) Ecophysiology of desiccation/rehydration cycles in mosses and lichens. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg
Grover HS, Bowker MA, Fulé PZ (2020) Improved, scalable techniques to cultivate fire mosses for rehabilitation. Restor Ecol 28:S17–S24. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12982
Hoek TA, Axelrod K, Biancalani T, Yurtsev EA, Liu J, Gore J (2016) Resource availability modulates the cooperative and competitive nature of a microbial cross-feeding mutualism. PLoS Biol 4:e7801. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002540
Hueso-González P, Muñoz-Rojas M, Martínez-Murillo JF (2018) The role of organic amendments in drylands restoration. Current Opinion in Environmental Science and Health 5:1–6
Ji M, Greening C, Vanwonterghem I, Carere CR, Bay SK, Steen JA, Montgomery K, Lines T, Beardall J, van Dorst J, Snape I, Stott MB, Hugenholtz P, Ferrari BC (2017) Atmospheric trace gases support primary production in Antarctic desert surface soil. Nature 552:400–403. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25014
Ju MC, Bu CF, Wang QX, Bai XQ, Li YH, Guo Q, Wei YX (2019) Effects of algae and microorganism addition on restoration of biocrusts on steep slope. Bull Soil Water Conserv 39:124–128. https://doi.org/10.13961/j.cnki.stbctb.2019.06.018
Kakar MU, Kakar IU, Mehboob MZ, Zada S, Soomro H, Umair M, Iqbal I, Umer M, Shaheen S, Syed SF, Kakar MU, Kakar IU, Mehboob MZ, Zada S, Soomro H, Umair M, Iqbal I, Umer M, Shaheen S, Syed SF, Deng Y, Dai R (2021) A review on polysaccharides from Artemisia sphaerocephala Krasch seeds, their extraction, modification, structure, and applications. Carbohydr Polym 252:117113
Khamna S, Yokota A, Lumyong S (2009) Actinomycetes isolated from medicinal plant rhizosphere soils: diversity and screening of antifungal compounds, indole-3-acetic acid and siderophore production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 25:649–655
Khawar K, Özcan S (2002) Effect of indole-3-butyric acid on in vitro root development in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik). Turkish J Bot 26:109–111
Kim MJ, Shim CK, Kim YK, Ko BG, Park JH, Hwang SG, Kim BH (2018) Effect of Biostimulator, Chlorella fusca on improving growth and qualities of chinese chives and spinach in organic farm. Plant Pathol J 34:567–574. https://doi.org/10.5423/ppj.Ft.11.2018.0254
Kögel-Knabner I (2002) The macromolecular organic composition of plant and microbial residues as inputs to soil organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 34:139–162
Kumari B, Mallick MA, Solanki MK, Solanki AC, Hora A, Guo W (2019) Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): modern prospects for sustainable agriculture. In: Ansari R, Mahmood I (eds) Plant Health Under Biotic Stress. Springer, Singapore.
Li XR, He MZ, Zerbe S, Li XJ, Liu LC (2010) Micro-geomorphology determines community structure of biological soil crusts at small scales. Earth Surf Proc Land 35:932–940. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1963
Li JY, Jin XY, Zhang XC, Chen L, Liu JL, Zhang HM, Zhang X, Zhang YF, Zhao JH, Ma ZS, Jin D (2020) Comparative metagenomics of two distinct biological soil crusts in the Tengger Desert, China. Soil Biol Biochem 140:107637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2019.107637
Li X, Suzuki T, Sasakawa H (2009) Promotion of root elongation and ion uptake in rice seedlings by 4, 4, 4-trifluoro-3-(indole-3-) butyric acid. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 55:385–393
Li X, Tan H, Hui R, Zhao Y, Huang L, Jia R, Song G (2018) Researches in biological soil crust of China: a review. Chin Sci Bull 63:2320–2334. https://doi.org/10.1360/N972018-00390
Li XR, Xiao HL, He MZ, Zhang JG (2006) Sand barriers of straw checkerboards for habitat restoration in extremely arid desert regions. Ecol Eng 28:149–157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2006.05.020
Li XR, Zhang ZS, Huang L, Wang XP (2013) Review of the ecohydrological processes and feedback mechanisms controlling sand-binding vegetation systems in sandy desert regions of China. Chin Sci Bull 58:1483–1496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11434-012-5662-5
Lin L, Xu X (2013) Indole-3-acetic acid production by endophytic Streptomyces sp. En-1 isolated from medicinal plants. Curr Microbiol 67:209–217
Lugtenberg B, Kamilova F (2009) Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 63:541–556
Lynch J, Harper S (1983) Straw as a substrate for cooperative nitrogen fixation. Microbiology 129:251–253
McMurdie PJ, Holmes S, Kindt R, Legendre P, O’Hara RP (2013) Phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data. PLoS One 8:e61217. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061217
MEA (2005) Millennium ecosystem assessment-ecosystems and human well-being: desertification synthesis. World Resources Institute, Washington, DC
Mobli M, Baninasab B (2009) Effect of indolebutyric acid on root regeneration and seedling survival after transplanting of three Pistacia species. J Fruit Ornam Plant Res 17:5–13
Moreira-Grez B, Tam K, Cross AT, Yong JW, Kumaresan D, Nevill P, Farrell M, Whiteley AS (2019) The bacterial microbiome associated with arid biocrusts and the biogeochemical influence of biocrusts upon the underlying soil. Front Microbiol 10:2143
Muñoz-Rojas M, de Lima NMM, Chamizo S, Bowker MA (2021) Restoring post-fire ecosystems with biocrusts: living, photosynthetic soil surfaces. Curr Opin Environ Sci Health 23:100273
Nunes M (2015) Statistical analysis of network data with R. J Stat Softw 66:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44129-6
Olesen JM, Bascompte J, Dupont YL, Jordano P (2007) The modularity of pollination networks. Proc Nat Acad Sci 104:19891–19896. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0706375104
Oliver MJ, Velten J, Mishler BD (2005) Desiccation tolerance in bryophytes: a reflection of the primitive strategy for plant survival in dehydrating habitats? Integr Comp Biol 45:788–799. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/45.5.788
Patriarca C, Bako M, Branthomme A, Frescino TS, Haddad FF, Hamid AH, Martucci A, Chour HO, Patterson PL, Picard N (2019) Trees, forests and land use in drylands: the first global assessment. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Phuong-Thi L, Makhalanyane TP, Guerrero LD, Vikram S, Van de Peer Y, Cowan DA (2016) Comparative metagenomic analysis reveals mechanisms for stress response in hypoliths from extreme hyperarid deserts. Genome Biol Evol 8:2737–2747. https://doi.org/10.1093/gbe/evw189
Quast C, Pruesse E, Yilmaz P, Gerken J, Schweer T, Yarza P, Peplies J, Gloeckner FO (2013) The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools. Nucleic Acids Res 41:D590–D596. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1219
Reynolds JF, Stafford Smith DM, Lambin EF, Turner BL, Mortimore M, Batterbury SPJ, Downing TE, Dowlatabadi H, Fernandez RJ, Herrick JE, Huber-Sannwald E, Jiang H, Leemans R, Lynam T, Maestre FT, Ayarza M, Walker B (2007) Global desertification: building a science for dryland development. Science 316:847–851. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1131634
Rodriguez-Caballero E, Belnap J, Büdel B, Crutzen PJ, Andreae MO, Pöschl U, Weber B (2018) Dryland photoautotrophic soil surface communities endangered by global change. Nat Geosci 11:185–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0072-1
Schiefer G, Caldwell D (1982) Synergistic interaction between Anabaena and Zoogloea spp. in carbon dioxide-limited continuous cultures. Appl Environ Microbiol 44:84–87
Schmidt MWI, Torn MS, Abiven S, Dittmar T, Guggenberger G, Janssens IA, Kleber M, Kögel-Knabner I, Lehmann J, Manning DAC, Nannipieri P, Rasse DP, Weiner S, Trumbore SE (2011) Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property. Nature 478:49–56
Shaaban MM (2001) Nutritional status and growth of maize plants as affected by green microalgae as soil additives. J Biol Sci 1:475–479. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2001.475.479
Silva GC, Kitano IT, Ribeiro IAF, Lacava PT (2022) The potential use of actinomycetes as microbial inoculants and biopesticides in agriculture. Front Soil Sci 2:833181
Slate ML, Durham RA, Pearson DE (2020) Strategies for restoring the structure and function of lichen-moss biocrust communities. Restor Ecol 28:S160–S167. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.12996
Solans M, Vobis G, Cassán F, Luna V, Wall LG (2011) Production of phytohormones by root-associated saprophytic actinomycetes isolated from the actinorhizal plant Ochetophila trinervis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 27:2195–2202
Swenson TL, Karaoz U, Swenson JM, Bowen BP, Northen TR (2018) Linking soil biology and chemistry in biological soil crust using isolate exometabolomics. Nat Commun 9:1–10
Tani A, Akita M, Murase H, Kimbara K (2011) Culturable bacteria in hydroponic cultures of moss Racomitrium japonicum and their potential as biofertilizers for moss production. J Biosci Bioeng 112:32–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.03.012
Tardy V, Mathieu O, Lévêque J, Terrat S, Chabbi A, Lemanceau P, Ranjard L, Maron PA (2014) Stability of soil microbial structure and activity depends on microbial diversity. Environ Microbiol Rep 6:173–183
Tian C, Wang HM, Wu SF, Bu CF, Bai XQ, Li YH, Siddique KHM (2022) Exogenous microorganisms promote moss biocrust growth by regulating the microbial metabolic pathway in artificial laboratory cultivation. Front Microbiol 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.819888
Tian C, Xi J, Ju M, Li Y, Guo Q, Yao L, Wang C, Lin Y, Li Q, Williams WJ, Bu C (2021) Biocrust microbiomes influence ecosystem structure and function in the Mu us Sandland, northwest China. Ecol Inf 66:101441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101441
Verma V, Singh S, Prakash S (2011) Bio-control and plant growth promotion potential of siderophore producing endophytic streptomyces from Azadirachta indica A. Juss. J Basic Microbiol 51:550–556
Vetrovsky T, Steffen KT, Baldrian P (2014) Potential of cometabolic transformation of polysaccharides and lignin in lignocellulose by soil actinobacteria. PLoS ONE 9:e89108. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089108
Vinoth M, Sivasankari S, Ahamed AKK, Al-Arjani A-BF, Abd-Allah EF, Baskar K (2020) Biological soil crust (BSC) is an effective biofertilizer on Vigna mungo (L). Saudi J Biol Sci 27:2325–2332
Wang X, Tian L, Li Y, Zhong C, Tian C (2022) Effects of exogenous cellulose-degrading bacteria on humus formation and bacterial community stability during composting. Bioresour Technol 359:127458–127458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127458
Wang H, Xie T, Yu X, Zhang C (2021) Simulation of soil loss under different climatic conditions and agricultural farming economic benefits: the example of Yulin City on Loess Plateau. Agric Water Manage 244:106462. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106462
West SA, Cooper GA (2016) Division of labour in microorganisms: an evolutionary perspective. Nat Rev Microbiol 14:716–723. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.111
Xi NX, Chu CJ, Bloor JMG (2018) Plant drought resistance is mediated by soil microbial community structure and soil-plant feedbacks in a savanna tree species. Environ Exp Bot 155:695–701. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2018.08.013
Xie KZ, Xu PZ, Zhang FB, Chen JS, Gu WJ (2009) Effects of microbial agent inoculation on bacterial community diversity in the process of pig manure composting. Chin J Appl Ecol 20:2012–2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(09)60084-4
Xu SJ, Yin CS, He M, Wang Y (2008) A technology for rapid reconstruction of moss-dominated soil crusts. Environ Eng Sci 25:1129–1137. https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.0272
Yang YS, Zhang L, Chen XF, Wang W, Bu CF, Li YN, Zhou HK (2019) Effects of chemical substances on the rapid cultivation of moss crusts in a phytotron from the Loess Plateau, China. Int J Phytoremediation 21:268–278
Yin A, Jia Y, Qiu T, Gao M, Cheng S, Wang X, Sun Y (2018) Poly-γ-glutamic acid improves the drought resistance of maize seedlings by adjusting the soil moisture and microbial community structure. Appl Soil Ecol 129:128–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2018.05.008
Zheng Z, Li P, Xiong Z, Ma T, Mathivanan K, Praburaman L, Meng D, Yi Z, Ao H, Wang Q, Rang Z, Li J (2022) Integrated network analysis reveals that exogenous cadmium-tolerant endophytic bacteria inhibit cadmium uptake in rice. Chemosphere 301:134655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134655
Zhou H, Gao Y, Jia XH, Wang MM, Ding JJ, Chen L, Bao F, Wu B (2020) Network analysis reveals the strengthening of microbial interaction in biological soil crust development in the Mu Us Sandy Land, northwestern China. Soil Biol Biochem 144:107782
Zhou X, Li YM, Cong C, Wang Q, Jiang H, Yue L, Yao S (2018) Effects of species-combined exogenous decomposing micro-organisms on soil microbial community structure and metabolic activity. Chin J Eco-Agric 26:1056–1066. https://doi.org/10.13930/j.cnki.cjea.171216
Zhou X, Zhao Y, Belnap J, Zhang B, Bu C, Zhang Y (2020) Practices of biological soil crust rehabilitation in China: experiences and challenges. Restor Ecol 28:S45–S55. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13148
Zhu Y, Peng YN, Gong XF, Zhang J, Wang ZY, Guo ZX, Ma KY, Zhou JP, Yang H (2017) Effects of different microbial agents on growth of Angelica sinensis and microorganism population and nutrients of rhizosphere soil. Chin J Appl Environ Biol 23:511–519. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1145.2016.06013
Acknowledgements
This research was funded by the National Natural Scientific Foundation of China (41971131), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0203400, 2017YFC0504703). The authors thank Dr. Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo for undertaking the network analysis.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interest
The authors declare no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Responsible Editor: Kenny Png.
Publisher’s note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOCX 10.7 MB)
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Tian, C., Ju, M., Eldridge, D.J. et al. Exogenous microorganisms promote moss biocrust restoration and shape microbiomes in a sandy desert. Plant Soil 491, 421–437 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06124-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-023-06124-1