Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Spatial-frequency-resolved schlieren sensor for turbulence visualization in arc discharge

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A spatial-frequency-resolved Schlieren photography was developed for the temporally-sequential visualization of the size-selected, multi-directional turbulent structures induced by the arc discharge in a model type gas circuit breaker. The Schlieren-based method was applied to the atmospheric-pressure DC 55-A arc discharge under gas blasting of 100%CO2, 90%CO210%C2F6 or 80%CO220%C2F6, where C2F6 was used as a substitute additive of commercially available polyatomic molecules. The visualization results clearly demonstrated that strong non-reproducible turbulence existed only for the C2F6-blended CO2 gases. The turbulence size was smaller with increasing the radial distance from the arc. The arc-discharge-induced turbulence showed circular structures in 1–5 mm diameters, which was peculiar to the C2F6-blended CO2 gases. The turbulence existence realizes high interruption performance of gas circuit breakers, which provided a new aspect for the search on the SF6-alternative gases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.

References

  1. Thomas E, Browne, Jnr (eds) 2019 Circuit interruption: theory and techniques (New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.) ch 9.2

  2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report 2021 The Physical Science Basis (Working Group I)

  3. Christophorou LG and R. J. Van Brunt 1995 SF6/N2 mixtures: basic and HV insulation properties EEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 2(5) 952–1003

  4. ABB Inc. 2017 breakthroughs in Switchgear Technology with Eco-efficient gases as an alternative to SF6Tech. Paper

  5. General Electric 2022 GE unveils world’s 1st 420 kV SF6-free g3 circuit-. breaker for gas-insulated substations PRESS RELEASE

  6. Seeger M et al 2017 recent trends in Development of High Voltage Circuit Breakers with SF6 Alternative gases Plasma Sci Technol 4(1) 8–12

  7. Kieffel Y, Irwin T, Ponchon P and J. Owens 2016 Green gas to replace SF6 in electrical grids IEEE Power Energy Mag 14(2) 32–39

  8. Mantilla JD, Claessens M and M. Kriegel 2016 Environmentally friendly perfluoroketones-based mixture as switching medium in high voltage circuit breakers Cigre A3-113

  9. Demura Y, Tanaka Y, Nakano Y, Uesugi Y, Ishijima T 2019 Numerical Thermofluid Simulation of Decaying Arc Behavior in CO2/O2/C5F10O (C5-PFK) and CO2/C4F7N(C4-PFN) Considering More Than Nona-atomic Molecules 5th International Conference on Electric Power Equipment-Switching Technology (ICEPE-ST) B-1-2

  10. Demura Y, Tanaka Y, Uesugi Y, Ishijima T 2019 Numerical Thermofluid Simulation of Decaying Arc Behavior in CO2/O2/C5F10O (C5-PFK) considering more Than Nona-Atomic molecules IEEJ Trans Electr Electron Eng 14(11) 21–28

  11. Kieffel Y, Robin-Jouan PH, Vigouroux D, Lacroix TH, Arabi S and J. Y. Trepanier 2016 Interrupting capability study of high voltage circuit-breakers designed with new g3 eco friendly gas 21st Int. Conf. on Gas Discharges and Their Applications A12

  12. Yokomizu Y, Sakuta T and Y. Kito 1989 A novel approach to AC air arc interruption phenomena viewed from the electron density at current zero J Phys D: Appl Phys 22(1) 129–135

  13. Inada Y, Kumada A, Ikeda H, Hidaka K, Nakano T, Murai K, Tanaka Y and T. Shinkai 2017 comparative study on extinction process of gas-blasted air and CO2 arc discharge using two-dimensional electron density imaging sensor J Phys D: Appl Phys 50(17) 175202

  14. Inada Y, Kamiya T, Matsuoka S, Kumada A, Ikeda H and K. Hidaka 2018 two-dimensional electron density characterisation of arc interruption phenomenon in current-zero phase J Phys D: Appl Phys 51(1) 015205

  15. Inada Y, Nagai H, Yamaguchi S, Kumada A, Ikeda H, Hidaka K, Nakano T, Tabata Y, Demura Y and Y. Tanaka 2018 spatial-filter-installed Shack–Hartmann sensor for two-dimensional electron density visualization of SF6 arc discharge under strong turbulent flow J Phys D: Appl Phys 51(34) 345203

  16. Murai K, Nakano T, Tanaka Y, Uesugi Y, Ishijima T, Tomita K, Suzuki K, Iijima T and T. Shinkai 2016 the LTE thermofluid simulation of Ar/SF6 gas-blast arcs in a nozzle space in an arc device Trans IEE Japan B 136(9) 741–748

  17. Gonzalez JJ, Girard R, Gleizes A 2000 Decay and post-arc phases of a SF6 arc plasma: a thermal and chemical nonequilibrium model J Phys D: Appl Phys 33(21) 2759–2768

  18. Inada Y and T. Fujino 2020 the latest research on high current interruption arcs J Inst Electr Eng Jpn 140(6) 354–357

  19. M. Shigeta 2023 Progress of computational plasma fluid mechanics Jpn. J. Appl. Phys 62(SL) SL0801

  20. Onda K, Tanaka Y, Akashi K, Furukawa R, Nakano Y, Ishijima T, Uesugi Y, Sueyasu S, Watanabe S and K. Nakamura 2020 Numerical study on the evaporation process of feedstock powder under transient states in pulse-modulated induction thermal plasmas for nanoparticle synthesis J Phys D: Appl Phys 53(32) 325201

  21. Tanaka Y, Furukawa R, Nagase Y, Fuwa T, Nakano Y, Ishijima T, Sueyasu S, Watanabe S and K. Nakamura 2021 Numerical Study on Modulation Induced Entrainment Gas Flow and its Promotion of Nanopowder Synthesis in Pulse-Modulated Induction Thermal Plasmas 74th Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference ET42.00004

  22. Bini R, Basse NT, Seeger M 2011 Arc-induced turbulent mixing in an SF6 circuit breaker model J Phys D: Appl Phys 44(2) 025203

  23. Russ S, Strykowski PJ, Pfender E 1994 Mixing in plasma and low density jets Exp Fluids 16 297–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. G. S. Settles 2006 Schlieren and Shadowgraph techniques (Berlin: Springer-Verlag)

  25. Stark H (ed) 1982 application of Optical Fourier transforms (London: Academic Press) 4–7

  26. Huddlestone RH, Leonard SL (eds) 1965 plasma diagnostic techniques (London: Academic Press) 439–441

  27. Pfender E, Fincke J and R. Spores 1991 Entrainment of cold gas into thermal plasma jets Plasma Chem Plasma Process 11 529–543

  28. M. Shigeta 2016 Turbulence modelling of thermal plasma flows J Phys D: Appl Phys 49(49) 493001

  29. M. Shigeta 2019 Modeling and Simulation of a turbulent-like Thermal plasma jet for Nanopowder Production IEEJ Trans Electri Electron Eng 14(1) 16–28

  30. M. Shigeta 2020 Simulating turbulent thermal plasma flows for Nanopowder Fabrication Plasma Chem Plasma Process 40(3) 775–794

  31. Tanaka Y and K. Suzuki 2013 development of a chemically non-equilibrium model on decaying SF6 arc plasmas IEEE Trans Power Delivery 28(4) 2623–2629

  32. Demura F, Nakano Y, Tanaka Y, Ishijima T, Kikuchi R A. Kumada, and Yuki Inada 2021 experimental study on re-ignition process in CO2/C2F6 gas mixture Flow after Application of Quasi-transient Recovery Voltage IEEJ Trans Electr Electron Eng 16(12) 1672–1678

  33. 3 M 2022 3 M to Exit PFAS Manufacturing by the End of 2025 PRESS RELEASE

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors like to thank Profs. Kunihiko Hidaka and Katsumi Suzuki of Tokyo Denki University, Prof. Takeshi Shinkai of Tokyo University of Technology, Dr. Tomoyuki Nakano of Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, and Dr. Debasish Biswas of Toshiba Corporation for their support during this work. The authors express gratitude to Prof. Tatsutoshi Shioda of Saitama University for the useful discussion on this work. This work was supported in part by a grant of the Specially Promoted Research Projects from Japan Power Academy.

Funding

Specially Promoted Research Projects from Japan Power Academy.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama City, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan

    Yuki Inada

  2. The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan

    Ryo Kikuchi, Yuichi Hirano, Yusuke Maede & Akiko Kumada

  3. Kanazawa University, Kakuma-cho, Kanazawa City, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan

    Yasunori Tanaka & Yusuke Nakano

  4. Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai City, Miyagi, 980-8579, Japan

    Masaya Shigeta

  5. University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba, 305-8573, Ibaraki, Japan

    Takayasu Fujino

Authors
  1. Yuki Inada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ryo Kikuchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Yuichi Hirano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yusuke Maede
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Yasunori Tanaka
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Yusuke Nakano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Masaya Shigeta
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Takayasu Fujino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Akiko Kumada
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Y. I. conceived the concept of the spatial-frequency-resolved Schlieren sensor and wrote the main manuscript. Y. I. and A. K. designed the experiments. Y. I., R. K., Y. H., Y. M., Y. T., and Y. N. conducted the experiments. R. K. and Y. H. analyzed the experimental results. Y. T., M. S., and T. F. conducted numerical simulations supporting the interpretation of the experimental results. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yuki Inada.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

not applicable.

Competing Interests

I declare that the authors have no competing interests as defined by Springer, or other interests that might be perceived to influence the results and/or discussion reported in this paper.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Inada, Y., Kikuchi, R., Hirano, Y. et al. Spatial-frequency-resolved schlieren sensor for turbulence visualization in arc discharge. Plasma Chem Plasma Process (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-023-10415-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11090-023-10415-x

Keywords

Search

Navigation