Abstract
The deposition and effect of reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) on the optoelectronic properties of Porous Silicon (PS) were investigated. The electrochemical etching (ECE) method was used to prepare the PS sample. By method drop casting technique, a reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) was deposited in the form of a thin coating on the PS surface and is partially incorporated within PS pores. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were used to describe the structural, morphological and roughness characteristics. The Photosensitivity investigations reveal that responsivity is higher for the rGO/PS sample. The resultant’s rGO/PS, showed the best stability of the photocurrent, indicating that rGO deposition can improve the stability of porous silicon optoelectrical characteristics.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The manuscript contains all the necessary data, and there is no need for additional source data.
References
Abdul Hussien, A.M., Ghanim, R.R.: Graphene oxide to diamond transformation by ultrasound waves. Plasmonics 16, 65–69 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-020-01251-2
Ali, A.T., Ullah, H., Sudhagar, P., Asri, M.M., Devadoss, A., Sundaram, S.: Theapplication of graphene and its derivatives to energy conversion, storage, andenvironmental and biosensing devices. Chem. Rec. 16, 1591–1634 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201500279
Azadgar, N., Naderi, N., Eshraghi, M.J.: Effect of annealing of silver electrodes on photolithographically fabricated silicon trenches for photo detection applications. J. Electron. Mater. 47, 5212–5217 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-6396-1
Bisi, O., Ossicini, S., Pavesi, L.: Porous silicon: a quantum sponge structure for silicon based optoelectronics. Surf. Sc.i Rep. 38, 1–126 (2000a). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(99)00012-6
Bisi, O., Ossicini, S., Pavesi, L.: Porous silicon: a quantum sponge structure for silicon based optoelectronics. Surf. Sci. Rep. 38(1), 1–126 (2000b). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(99)00012-6
Choi, H.-J., Jung, S.-M., Seo, J.-M., Chang, D.W., Dai, L., Baek, J.-B.: Graphene for energy conversion and storage in fuel cells and supercapacitors. Nano. Energy 1, 534–551 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.05.001
Cullis, A.G., Canham, L.T., Calcott, P.D.J.: The structural and luminescence properties of porous silicon. J. Appl. Phys. 82, 909–965 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.366536
Dreyer, D.R., Park, S., Bielawski, C.W., Ruoff, R.S.: The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 228–240 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1039/B917103G
Elia, P., Nativ-Roth, E., Zeiri, Y., Porat, Ze.’ev: Determination of the average pore-size and total porosity in porous silicon layers by image processing of SEM micrographs. Microporous Mesoporous Mater. 225, 465–471 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2016.01.007
Erickson, K., Erni, R., Lee, Z., Alem, N., Gannett, W., Zettl, A.: Determination of the local chemical structure of graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide. Adv. Mater. 22, 4467–4472 (2010)
Föll, H., Christophersen, M., Carstensen, J., Hasse, G.: Formation and application of porous silicon. Mat. Sci. Eng. R 39, 93–141 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(02)00090-6
Garzon-Roman, A., Cuate-Gomez, D.H.: Graphene nanoflakes and carbonnanotubes on porous silicon layers by spin coating, for possible applicationsin optoelectronics. Sens. Actuators A-Phys. 292, 121–128 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2019.04.013
Geim, A.K., Novoselov, K.S.: The rise of graphene. Nat Mater 6, 183–191 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1849
Jwar, A.J., Nayef, U.M., Mutlak, F.A.H.: Study effect of magnetic field on au-TiO2 core-shell nanoparticles via laser ablation deposited on porous silicon for photodetector. Plasmonics 18, 595–605 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01791-3
Jwied, D.H., Nayef, U.M., Mutlak, F.A.H.: Synthesis of C: Se nanoparticles ablated on porous silicon for sensing NO2 and NH3 gases. Optik (Stuttg) 241, 167013 (2021)
Jwied, D.H., Mutlak, F.A.-H., Nayef, U.M.: Improvement of responsivity of C: Se nanoparticles ablated on porous silicon. Optik 241, 167222 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167222
Jwied, D.H., Nayef, U.M., Mutlak, F.A.-H.: Synthesis of C: Se nanoparticles via laser ablated with magnetic field on porous silicon for gas sensor applications. Optik 242, 167207 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167207
Kareem, M.H., Abdul Hussein, A.M., Hussein, H.T.: Effect of current density on the porous silicon preparation as gas sensors. J. Mech. Behav. Mater. 30(1), 257–264 (2021)
Kazi, S.N., Badarudin, A., Zubir, M.N.M., Ming, H.N., Misran, M., Sadeghinezhad, E., Mehrali, M., Syuhada, N.I.: Investigation on the use of graphene oxide as novel surfactant to stabilize weakly charged graphene nanoplatelets. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10, 212 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-0882-7
Khudiar, S.S., Nayef, U.M., Mutlak, F.A.-H.: Preparation and characterization of ZnO nanoparticles via laser ablation for sensing NO2 gas. Optik 246, 167762 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167762
Kim, J., Joo, S.S., Lee, K.W., Kim, J.H., Shin, D.H., Kim, S., Choi, S.-H.: Near-ultraviolet-sensitive graphene/porous silicon photodetectors. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 6, 20880–20886 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1021/am5053812
Krylov, P.S., Berestennikov, A.S., Aleshin, A.N., Komolov, A.S., Shcherbakov, I.P., Petrov, V.N., Trapeznikova, I.N.: Switching and memory effects in composite films of semiconducting polymers with particles of graphene and graphene oxide. Phys. Solid State 57, 1678–1684 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063783415080168
Kumar, A., Sharma, A., Agarwal, A.: Structural and Optical Properties of Si Nanostructures. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng.. 594(1), 012001 (2019)
Lu, X., Hessel, C.M., Yu, Y., Bogart, T.D., Korgel, B.A.: Colloidal luminescent silicon nanorods. Nano Lett. 13(7), 3101–3105 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1021/nl401802h
Mahmood, R.I., Kadhim, A.A., Ibraheem, S., et al.: Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles mediated Annona muricata as cytotoxic and apoptosis inducer factor in breast cancer cell lines. Sci. Rep. 12, 16165 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20360-y
Mohammad, M.R., Hussien, A.M.A., Ghanim, R.R.: Synthesis of graphene oxide using simplified hummer’s method for antibacterial application. IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng. 518(6), 062012 (2019)
Mouafki, ΑΜ, Bouaïcha, F., Hedibi, A., Gueddim, A.: Porous silicon antireflective coatings for silicon solar cells. Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res. 12, 8354–8358 (2022)
Naderi, N., Rasi, S., Moradi, M.: Reduced graphene oxide as a stabilizing layer foroptical properties of porous silicon. Optik 172, 57–62 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2012.09.010
Olenych, I.B., Aksimentyeva, O.I., Monastyrskii, L.S., Horbenko, Y.Y., Yarytska, L.I.: Sensory properties of hybrid composites based on poly (3,4- ethylenedioxythiophene)-porous silicon-carbon nanotubes. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 10, 187 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-015-0896-1
Olenych, I.B., Aksimentyeva, O.I., Monastyrskii, L.S., Horbenko, Y.Y., Partyka, M.V., Luchechko, A.P., Yarytska, L.I.: Effect of graphene oxide on theproperties of porous silicon. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11, 43 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1264-5
Olenych, I.B., Aksimentyeva, O.I., Monastyrskii, L.S., et al.: Effect of graphene oxide on the properties of porous silicon. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 11, 43 (2016b). https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-016-1264-5
Omnes, F.: Introduction to semiconductor photodetector Optoelectronic. Sensors (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470611630.ch1
Perez, E.X.: Design, Fabrication and Characterization of Porous Silicon Multilayer Optical Devices [Dissertation], p. 244. Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona (ES) (2007)
Petit, C., Seredych, M., Bandosz, T.J.: Revisiting the chemistry of graphite oxides and its effect on ammonia adsorption. J. Mater. Chem. 19, 9176–9185 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1039/B916672F
Puglisi, R.A., et al.: Study on the physico-chemical properties of the Si nanowires surface. Nanomaterials 9(6), 8–17 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano9060818
Salem, A.M.S., Harraz, F.A., El-Sheikh, S.M., Shah, S.I.: Novel Si nanostructures via Ag-assisted chemical etching route on single and polycrystalline substrates. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 262, 114793 (2020)
Sanctis, A., Mehew, J.D., Craciun, M.F., Russo, S.: Graphene-based lightsensing: fabrication, characterisation, physical properties and performance. Materials (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11091762
Shao, M., Ma, D.D.D., Lee, S.T.: Silicon nanowires - Synthesis, properties, and applications. Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 27, 4264–4278 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1002/ejic.201000634
Sharifi, M., Naderi, N., Fallahazad, P., Eshraghi, M.J.: Role of graphene on the optoelectrical stability of photodetectors based on porous silicon. Sensors Actuators A Phys. 310, 112065 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2020.112065
Sorokin, L.M., et al.: Structural properties and current transport in a nanocomposite formed on a silicon surface by oxidation of the porous layer. Phys. Solid State 47, 1365–1371 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1992619
Sulaiman, E.M., Mutlak, F.A.H., Nayef, U.M.: High-performance photodetector of Au–MgO/PS nanostructure manufactured via pulsed laser ablation technique. Opt. Quantum Electron. 54, 744 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-022-04156-y
Tang, H., Zhang, J., Zhang, Y.J., Xiong, Q.Q., Tong, Y.Y., Li, Y., Wang, X.L., Gu, C.D., Tu, J.P.: Porous reduced graphene oxide sheet wrapped silicon composite fabricated by steam etching for lithium-ion battery application. J. Power Sources 286, 431–437 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2015.03.185
Taychatanapat, T., Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T., Jarillo-Herrero, P.: Electricallytunable transverse magnetic focusing in graphene. Nat. Phys. 9, 225 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1038/nphys2549
Ünal, B., Parbukov, A.N., Bayliss, S.C.: Photovoltaic properties of a novel stain etched porous silicon and its application in photosensitive devices. Opt. Mater. 17, 79–82 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-3467(01)00023-4
Wang, H., Hao, Q., Yang, X., Lu, L., Wang, X.: Graphene oxide doped polyaniline for supercapacitors. Electrochem. Commun. 11, 1158–1161 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2009.03.036
Wang, C., Vinodgopal, K., Dai, G.P.: Large-area synthesis and growth mechanismof graphene by chemical vapor deposition. Nanotechnology (2018). https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.79959
Yaakob, S., Bakar, M.A., Ismail, J., Bakar, N.H.H.A., Ibrahim, K.: The formation andmorphology of highly doped N-type porous silicon: effect of short etchingtime at high current density and evidence of simultaneous chemical andelectrochemical dissolutions. J. Phys. Sci. 23, 17–31 (2012)
Zamel, R.S., Mohammed, B.K., Yaseen, A.S., Hussein, H.T., Nayef, U.M.: Preparation and characterization of Ag nanoparticles on porous silicon for photo conversion. J. Res. Lepid. 50(3), 82–95 (2019). https://doi.org/10.36872/LEPI/V50I3/201027
Zhao, D., Wang, L., Yu, P., Zhao, L., Tian, C., Zhou, W., Zhang, L., Fu, H.: From graphite to porous graphene-like nanosheets for high rate lithium-ion batteries. Nano. Res. 8, 2998–3010 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0805-z
Zhong, X., Wang, G., Papandrea, B., Li, M., Xu, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, C.-Y., Zhou, H., Xue, T., Li, Y., Li, D., Huang, Y., Duan, X.: Reduced graphene oxide/silicon nanowire heterostructures with enhanced photoactivity and superior photoelectrochemical stability. Nano. Res. 8, 2850–2858 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-015-0790-2
Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Stoller, M.D., Ganesh, K.J., Cai, W., Ferreira, P.J., Pirkle, A., Wallace, R.M., Cychosz, K.A., Thommes, M., Su, D., Stach, E.A., Ruoff, R.S.: Carbon- based supercapacitors produced by activation of graphene. Science 332(6037), 1537–1541 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The authors extend their gratitude to the Applied Science Department at the University of Technology-Iraq, for supporting this work.
Funding
The authors state that there were no funds received during this investigation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The Authors contributed equally and manually in the construction, analysis, writing and interpretation of the current data. The final version of the current article was approved by the authors as follows, Rafid S. Zamel and Adi M. Abdul Hussien under affiliation of the Department of Applied Science, University of Technology-Iraq.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors state that there are no conflicts of interest or competitive interests regarding the current article.
Ethical approval
The authors ensure that ethical and professional principles were followed during this research work.
Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Zamel, R.S., Hussien, A.M.A. Study the optoelectronic properties of reduced graphene oxide doped on the porous silicon for photodetector. Opt Quant Electron 55, 1023 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05399-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11082-023-05399-z