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Canadian resource governance against territories: resource regimes and local conflicts in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence provinces

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Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of fisheries and forestry governance in the Canadian provinces surrounding the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. It serves two purposes. The first is to produce a portrait of the trends challenging the hypothesis of a shrinking natural resources economy in these territories, in order to underline both the complexity of the struggles taking place around their ressourcist vocation, and the political tensions shaping the recasting of the extractivist model of development. The second, more theoretical and methodological contribution, is a reflection on the conceptual framework developed here: it aims to show the scope and utility of a combination of (1) a sectoral governance analysis and (2) a territorialized analysis of collective action around resource governance. This combination offers an interesting insight into the struggles and political tensions surrounding the tentative restructuring of the Canadian extractivist model. To do so, we examine the two sectoral trajectories showing signs of indecisiveness and adopt a territorial approach which reveals the numerous and various pressures on territories. A disconnection is thus observed between the sectoral and territorial levels: major frames of reference are gradually opening to encompass social and environmental issues, but this relative opening is not being directly and efficiently translated into practices, despite various innovations and indications of openness in governance processes. This fault line leads us to question the power relationships and power imbalances at work within these governance mechanisms and see how these scenes of struggle provide insights into the ambivalence of the current development trajectory.

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Notes

  1. This summary relies heavily on a press review about controversies in Eastern Quebec and North Shore (QC), from July 2014 to July 2015, as part of a project with the Canada Research Chair in Regional and Territorial Development.

  2. Howlett (2001). See next section on the conceptual framework for further development.

  3. In accordance with the objectives of a selective literature review, and in contrast to a comprehensive review (Yin 2011, p. 62), the aim was to collect and examine academic work shedding light on specific issues. The review is consequently not exhaustive. The aim of this review is to go beyond the accumulation of empirical findings by highlighting their contributions for further analysis. This analysis is based on a corpus of academic literature of 48 documents published since 1990, covering the fisheries and forestry sectors in areas of the Saint Lawrence Gulf. The relevance of documents was evaluated based on their inputs into two themes: (1) overall sectoral trajectories, both across the study area (to observe convergences) and the scale of the different provinces (to observe differences), and (2) the territorialized dynamics of governance, with case studies on local issues and local controversies over resources.

  4. This stage is not to be understood as the disappearance of the role of staple resources (as a non-staples stage), but as the emergence of an economy whose dependence on natural resources would be less important.

  5. “(…) a policy regime can be defined as persistent and regular political arrangement composed of (1) aset of state–societal relations affecting the style or process of sectoral policy making; (2) a set ofideas related to governing these interactions and affecting policy contents and instruments choices;and (3) a set of institutions designed to regularize and routinize the content and style of policymaking in the sector concerned”(Howlett 2001, p. 6).

  6. In this sense, resource regimes provide a point of access which (while specific to resource governance) provide insight into broader issues about governance processes, about the coordination of different levels, and about the associated analytical issues (Jessop 1998): how to understand both the coordination of the interests involved (micro-social dynamics), the stabilization and institutionalization of arrangements (mesopolitical stabilization), the coordination between ideas and paradigms of broad social compromises (macrostructures), and the coordination between these different processes.

  7. The Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire sur le développement régional, de l'Est du Québec is a research group from Quebec, focusing on the role of social actors and agency in regional development. In comparison with more classical sociology (Southcott 1999), this scientific perspective tends to elucidate how social mobilizations are structuring spatial dynamics (especially in peripheral and rural areas) and thus contributing to the social construction of territories (Jean 2008; Fournis 2012).

  8. This approach to the territory has links with the rich field of collective action: it has shown that if collective action is built on the interaction between civil society and political structures, this suggests the existence of an interface where these frictions occur. This interface has been considered through organizations and protest events (see McAdam et al. 1996 for a clear and incisive summary). However, this framework does not include the territorial dimension of the interface (see, e.g., McAdam and Schaffer-Boudet 2012; Della Porta and Piazza 2008). This is one of the issues that the framework presented here wishes to address.

  9. The Canada Forest Accord of 1998, for sustainable forests, has resulted in shifts in provincial institutions, e.g., the Forestry Act in Newfoundland and Labrador in 1990, and the 2010 Law on Sustainable Forest Development in Quebec (St-Hilaire 2013) reflecting the recommendations of the Coulombe Commission (Blais and Chiasson 2005).

  10. The same tension could be found within non-state-driven spaces of governance, as illustrate the emergence of forest certification processes: the various certification programs rely on different conceptions of governance (inclusive/exclusive), which could either support or limit integration of territorial stakeholders, and future developments still seem uncertain (Cashore et al. 2007).

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  1. Département Sociétés, Territoires et Développement, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300, allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC, G5L 3A1, Canada

    Amélie Dumarcher & Yann Fournis

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Dumarcher, A., Fournis, Y. Canadian resource governance against territories: resource regimes and local conflicts in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence provinces. Policy Sci 51, 97–115 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11077-017-9294-0

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