Possible mechanisms of the interactions of neuron functioning in the connectome including topographically connected areas of the neocortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus, and the various CNS nuclei connected with them are analyzed. These mechanisms are based on published results from morphological and electrophysiological studies, previously formulated unified rules for the modification and modulation of the efficiency of synaptic transmission, as well as the results of previous analyses of the features of the functioning of the hippocampal formation, cerebellum, and neural cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops. The cerebellum influences the neocortex and basal ganglia via topographically connected thalamic nuclei. The cerebellum can influence the functioning of the hippocampus via the thalamic reuniens nucleus and the retrosplenial and prefrontal areas of the cortex, the medial septum, and the supramammillary nucleus. The hippocampus can influence cerebellar functioning via the neocortex and pontine nuclei, as well as via the basal ganglia, the targets of whose output nuclei are the subthalamic nucleus and the pedunculopontine nucleus. The basal ganglia, cerebellum, and subthalamic nucleus influence motor activity via the red nucleus. Considering the topographic organization of connections between structures, we suggest that the brain can be regarded as a global connectome consisting of separate but similarly organized connectomes, each taking part in processing a particular type of information. The mechanisms of the functioning of these connectomes are uniform. This analysis of the mechanisms of the interacting functioning of neurons in the connectome is of interest for understanding the mechanisms of the functioning of the global connectome, where processing of sensory information of different modalities, its perception, and selection of the appropriate response all take place. It is presumed that the default mode network of the brain, which includes the higher areas of the neocortex, is the part of the global connectome operating in the resting state. Comparison of the mechanisms of the functioning of each connectome in normal conditions and pathology should provide for assessment of current methods for the treatment of neurological diseases and facilitate the targeted search for new treatment methods.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aas, J. E., “Subcortical projections to the pontine nuclei in the cat,” J. Comp. Neurol., 282, No. 3, 331–354 (1989), https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.902820303.
Accolla, E. A., Herrojo Ruiz, M., Horn, A., et al., “Brain networks modulated by subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation,” Brain, 139, Part 9, 2503–2515 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aww182.
Anokhin, K. V., “The cognitome in searches for a fundamental neuroscientific theory of consciousness,” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat., 71, No. 1, 39–71 (2021), https://doi.org/10.31857/S0044467721010032.
Basile, G. A., Quartu, M., Bertino, S., et al., “Red nucleus structure and function: from anatomy to clinical neurosciences,” Brain Struct. Funct., 226, No. 1, 69–91 (2021), https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-020-02171-x.
Baufreton, J., Garret, M., Rivera, A., et al., “D5 (not D1) dopamine receptors potentiate burst-firing in neurons of the subthalamic nucleus by modulating an L-type calcium conductance,” J. Neurosci., 23, No. 3, 816–825 (2003), https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00816.2003.
Baumann, O., Borra, R. J., Bower, J. M., et al., “Consensus paper: the role of the cerebellum in perceptual processes,” Cerebellum, 14, No. 2, 197–220 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-014-0627-7.
Belkhiria, C., Mssedi, E., Habas, C., et al., “Collaboration of cerebello-rubral and cerebello-striatal loops in a motor preparation task,” Cerebellum, 18, No. 2, 203–211 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-018-0980-z.
Berger, T. W., Weikart, C. L., Bassett, J. L., and Orr, W. B., “Lesions of the retrosplenial cortex produce deficits in reversal learning of the rabbit nictitating membrane response: implications for potential interactions between hippocampal and cerebellar brain systems,” Behav. Neurosci., 100, No. 6, 802–809 (1986), https://doi.org/10.1037//0735-7044.100.6.802.
Bezdudnaya, T. and Keller, A., “Laterodorsal nucleus of the thalamus: A processor of somatosensory inputs,” J. Comp. Neurol., 507, No. 6, 1979–1989 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21664.
Binder, S., Mölle, M., Lippert, M., et al., “Monosynaptic hippocampal-prefrontal projections contribute to spatial memory consolidation in mice,” J. Neurosci., 39, No. 35, 6978–6991 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2158-18.2019.
Bohne, P., Schwarz, M. K., Herlitze, S., and Mark, M. D., “A new projection from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the hippocampus via the ventrolateral and laterodorsal thalamus in mice,” Front. Neural Circuits, 13, Article 51 (2019), https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2019.00051.
Bostan, A. C. and Strick, P. L., “The basal ganglia and the cerebellum: nodes in an integrated network,” Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 19, No. 6, 338–350 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41583-018-0002-7.
Brodal, P. and Bjaalie, J. G., “Organization of the pontine nuclei,” Neurosci. Res., 13, No. 2, 83–118 (1992), https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-0102(92)90092-q.
Cacciola, A., Milardi, D., Basile, G. A., et al., “The cortico-rubral and cerebello-rubral pathways are topographically organized within the human red nucleus,” Sci. Rep., 9, No. 1, 12117 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-48164-7.
Capozzo, A., Florio, T., Cellini, R., et al., “The pedunculopontine nucleus projection to the parafascicular nucleus of the thalamus: an electrophysiological investigation in the rat,” J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), 110, No. 7, 733–747 (2003), https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-003-0820-1.
Carta, I., Chen, C. H., Schott, et al., “Cerebellar modulation of the reward circuitry and social behavior,” Science, 363, No. 6424, eaav0581 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav0581.
Cavdar, S., Özgür, M., Çakmak, Y. Ö., et al., “Afferent projections of the subthalamic nucleus in the rat: emphasis on bilateral and interhemispheric connections,” Acta Neurobiol. Exp. (Wars.), 78, No. 3, 251–263 (2018).
Chen, C. H., Fremont, R., Arteaga-Bracho, E. E., and Khodakhah, K., “Short latency cerebellar modulation of the basal ganglia,” Nature Neurosci., 17, No. 12, 1767–1775 (2014a), https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3868.
Chen, H., Yang, L., Xu, Y., et al., “Prefrontal control of cerebellum-dependent associative motor learning,” Cerebellum, 13, No. 1, 64–78 (2014b), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0517-4.
Choe, K. Y., Sanchez, C. F., Harris, N. G., et al., “Optogenetic fMRI and electrophysiological identification of region-specific connectivity between the cerebellar cortex and forebrain,” NeuroImage, 173, 370–383 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.02.047.
Cohen, B. M., Wan, W., Froimowitz, M. P., et al., “Activation of midline thalamic nuclei by antipsychotic drugs,” Psychopharmacol. (Berl.), 135, No. 1, 37–43 (1998), https://doi.org/10.1007/s002130050483.
Costa, C., Sgobio, C., Siliquini, S., et al., “Mechanisms underlying the impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and memory in experimental Parkinson’s disease,” Brain, 135, Pt. 6, 1884–1899 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws101.
Crick, F. and Koch, C., “Are we aware of neuronal activity in primary visual cortex?” Nature, 375, No. 6527, 121–123 (1995), https://doi.org/10.1038/375121a0.
Cui, G., Jun, S. B., Jin, X., et al., “Concurrent activation of striatal direct and indirect pathways during action initiation,” Nature, 494, No. 7436, 238–242 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11846.
Cunningham, S. I., Tomasi, D., and Volkow, N. D., “Structural and functional connectivity of the precuneus and thalamus to the default mode network,” Hum. Brain Mapp., 38, No. 2, 938–956 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23429.
Das, T., Hwang, J. J., and Poston, K. L., “Episodic recognition memory and the hippocampus in Parkinson’s disease: A review,” Cortex, 113, 191–209 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.021.
Di, X. and Biswal, B. B., “Modulatory interactions between the default mode network and task positive networks in resting-state,” PeerJ., 2, e367 (2014), https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.367.
Farley, S. J., Albazboz, H., De Corte, B. J., et al., “Amygdala central nucleus modulation of cerebellar learning with a visual conditioned stimulus,” Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 150, 84–92 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2018.03.011.
Fazekas, P. and Nemeth, G., “Dreaming, mind-wandering, and hypnotic dreams,” Front. Neurol., 11, 565673 (2020), https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.565673.
Fermin, A. S., Yoshida, T., Yoshimoto, J., et al., “Model-based action planning involves cortico-cerebellar and basal ganglia networks,” Sci. Rep., 6, 31378 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1038/srep31378.
Freeman, J. H., Halverson, H. E., and Hubbard, E. M., “Inferior colliculus lesions impair eyeblink conditioning in rats,” Learn. Mem., 14, No. 12, 842–846 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.716107.
Glickstein, M., “Mossy-fibre sensory input to the cerebellum,” Prog. Brain Res., 114, 251–259 (1997), https://doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63368-3.
Govindaiah, G. and Cox, C. L., “Excitatory actions of dopamine via D1-like receptors in the rat lateral geniculate nucleus,” J. Neurophysiol., 94, No. 6, 3708–3718 (2005), https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00583.2005.
Gurney, K., Prescott, T. J., and Redgrave, P., “A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. II. Analysis and simulation of behaviour,” Biol. Cybernetics, 84, No. 6, 411–423 (2001), https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00007985.
Halverson, H. E., Lee, I., and Freeman, J. H., “Associative plasticity in the medial auditory thalamus and cerebellar interpositus nucleus during eyeblink conditioning,” J. Neurosci., 30, No. 26, 8787–8796 (2010), https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0208-10.2010.
Hammond, C., Rouzaire-Dubois, B., Féger, J., et al., “Anatomical and electrophysiological studies on the reciprocal projections between the subthalamic nucleus and nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus in the rat,” Neuroscience, 9, No. 1, 41–52 (1983), https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(83)90045-3.
Hanekamp, S. and Simonyan, K., “The large-scale structural connectome of task-specific focal dystonia,” Hum. Brain Mapp., 41, No. 12, 3253–3265 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25012.
Hayden, B. Y. and Gallant, J. L., “Working memory and decision processes in visual area V4,” Front. Neurosci., 7, 18 (2013), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2013.00018.
Haynes, W. I. and Haber, S. N., “The organization of prefrontal-subthalamic inputs in primates provides an anatomical substrate for both functional specificity and integration: implications for basal ganglia models and deep brain stimulation,” J. Neurosci., 33, No. 11, 4804–4814 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4674-12.2013.
Hazrati, L. N. and Parent, A., “Projection from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the pedunculopontine nucleus in the squirrel monkey,” Brain Res., 585, No. 1–2, 267–271 (1992), https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(92)91216-2.
Heath, R. G. and Harper, J. W., “Ascending projections of the cerebellar fastigial nucleus to the hippocampus, amygdala, and other temporal lobe sites: evoked potential and histological studies in monkeys and cats,” Exp. Neurol., 45, No. 2, 268–287 (1974), https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(74)90118-6.
Heath, R. G., Dempesy, C. W., Fontana, C. J., and Myers, W. A., “Cerebellar stimulation: effects on septal region, hippocampus, and amygdala of cats and rats,” Biol. Psychiatry, 13, No. 5, 501–529 (1978).
Hoffmann, L. C., Cicchese, J. J., and Berry, S. D., “Harnessing the power of theta: natural manipulations of cognitive performance during hippocampal theta-contingent eyeblink conditioning,” Front. Syst. Neurosci., 9, Art. 50 (2015), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00050.
Horn, A., Wenzel, G., Irmen, F., et al., “Deep brain stimulation induced normalization of the human functional connectome in Parkinson’s disease,” Brain, 142, No. 10, 3129–3143 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz239.
Ito, M. and Karachot, L., “Protein kinases and phosphatase inhibitors mediating long-term desensitization of glutamate receptors in cerebellar Purkinje cells,” Neurosci. Res., 14, No. 1, 27–38 (1992), https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-0102(05)80004-5.
Jeon, S. G., Kim, Y. J., Kim, K. A., et al., “Visualization of altered hippocampal connectivity in an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease,” Mol. Neurobiol., 55, No. 10, 7886–7899 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-018-0918-y.
Joel, D. and Weiner, I., “The connections of the dopaminergic system with the striatum in rats and primates: an analysis with respect to the functional and compartmental organization of the striatum,” Neuroscience, 96, No. 3, 451–474 (2000), https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00575-8.
Johnson, K. A., Mateo, Y., and Lovinger, D. M., “Metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 inhibits thalamically-driven glutamate and dopamine release in the dorsal striatum,” Neuropharmacology, 117, 114–123 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.038.
Joutsa, J., Shih, L. C., and Fox, M. D., “Mapping Holmes tremor circuit using the human brain connectome,” Ann. Neurol., 86, No. 6, 812–820 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.25618.
Jwair, S., Coulon, P., and Ruigrok, T. J. H., “Disynaptic subthalamic input to the posterior cerebellum in rat,” Front. Neuroanat., 11, Art. 13 (2017), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2017.00013.
Klaassens, B. L., van Gerven, J. M. A., Klaassen, E. S., et al., “Cholinergic and serotonergic modulation of resting state functional brain connectivity in Alzheimer’s disease,” NeuroImage, 199, 143–152 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.044.
Kobayashi, Y. and Amaral, D. G., “Macaque monkey retrosplenial cortex: II. Cortical afferents,” J. Comp. Neurol., 466, No. 1, 48–79 (2003), https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10883.
Kobayashi, Y. and Amaral, D. G., “Macaque monkey retrosplenial cortex: III. Cortical efferents,” J. Comp. Neurol., 502, No. 5, 810–833 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.21346.
Kratochwil, C. F., Maheshwari, U., and Rijli, F. M., “The long journey of pontine nuclei neurons: from rhombic lip to cortico-ponto-cerebellar circuitry,” Front. Neural Circuits, 11, Article 33 (2017), https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2017.00033.
La, C., Linortner, P., Bernstein, J. D., et al., “Hippocampal CA1 subfield predicts episodic memory impairment in Parkinson’s disease,” NeuroImage Clin, 23, 101824 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101824.
Laroche, S., Davis, S., and Jay, T. M., “Plasticity at hippocampal to prefrontal cortex synapses: dual roles in working memory and consolidation,” Hippocampus, 10, No. 4, 438–446 (2000), https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-1063(2000)10:4<438::AID-HIPO10>3.0.CO;2-3.
Li, P., Shan, H., Liang, S., et al., “Structural and functional brain network of human retrosplenial cortex,” Neurosci. Lett., 674, 24–29 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.016.
Liebe, S., Hoerzer, G. M., Logothetis, N. K., and Rainer, G., “Theta coupling between V4 and prefrontal cortex predicts visual short-term memory performance,” Nat. Neurosci., 15, No. 3, 456–462, S1–2 (2012), https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3038.
Lim, J., Bang, Y., and Choi, H. J., “Abnormal hippocampal neurogenesis in Parkinson’s disease: relevance to a new therapeutic target for depression with Parkinson’s disease,” Arch. Pharm. Res., 41, No. 10, 943–954 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-018-1063-x.
Lu, L., Ren, Y., Yu, T., et al., “Control of locomotor speed, arousal, and hippocampal theta rhythms by the nucleus incertus,” Nat. Commun., 11, No. 1, 262 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-14116-y.
Lucas-Jiménez, O., Ojeda, N., Peña, J., et al., “Altered functional connectivity in the default mode network is associated with cognitive impairment and brain anatomical changes in Parkinson’s disease,” Parkinsonism Relat. Disord., 33, 58–64 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.09.012.
McKenna, J. T. and Vertes, R. P., “Afferent projections to nucleus reuniens of the thalamus,” J. Comp. Neurol., 480, No. 2, 115–142 (2004), https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.20342.
Melchitzky, D. S. and Lewis, D. A., “Dopamine transporter-immunoreactive axons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of the macaque monkey,” Neuroscience, 103, No. 4, 1033–1042 (2001), https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00021-5.
Meoni, S., Cury, R. G., and Moro, E., “New players in basal ganglia dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease,” Prog. Brain Res., 252, 307–327 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.01.001.
Mirdamadi, J. L., “Cerebellar role in Parkinson’s disease,” J. Neurophysiol., 116, No. 3, 917–919 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.01132.2015.
Mišić, B., Goñi, J., Betzel, R. F., et al., “A network convergence zone in the hippocampus,” PLoS Comput. Biol., 10, No. 12, e1003982 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003982.
Miyashita, T. and Rockland, K. S., “GABAergic projections from the hippocampus to the retrosplenial cortex in the rat,” Eur. J. Neurosci., 26, 1193–1204 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05745.x.
Mori, F., Okada, K. I., Nomura, T., and Kobayashi, Y., “The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus as a motor and cognitive interface between the cerebellum and basal ganglia,” Front. Neuroanat., 10, Art. 109 (2016), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2016.00109.
Mukherjee, P., Sabharwal, A., Kotov, R., et al., “Disconnection between amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex in psychotic disorders,” Schizophr. Bull., 42, No. 4, 1056–1067 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbw012.
Onofrj, M., Taylor, J. P., Monaco, D., et al., “Visual hallucinations in PD and Lewy body dementias: old and new hypotheses,” Behav. Neurol., 27, No. 4, 479–493 (2013), https://doi.org/10.3233/BEN-129022.
Philippens, I. H. C. H. M., Wubben, J. A., Franke, S. K., et al., “Involvement of the red nucleus in the compensation of Parkinsonism may explain why primates can develop stable Parkinson’s Disease,” Sci. Rep., 9, No. 1, 880 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-37381-1.
Pong, M., Horn, K. M., and Gibson, A. R., “Pathways for control of face and neck musculature by the basal ganglia and cerebellum,” Brain Res. Rev., 58, No. 2, 249–264 (2008), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.11.006.
Quartarone, A., Cacciola, A., Milardi, D., et al., “New insights into cortico-basal-cerebellar connectome: clinical and physiological considerations,” Brain, 143, No. 2, 396–406 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awz310.
Raichle, M. E., “The brain’s default mode network,” Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 38, 433–447 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-014030.
Ricardo, J. A., “Efferent connections of the subthalamic region in the rat. I. The subthalamic nucleus of Luys,” Brain Res., 202, No. 2, 257–271 (1980), https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(80)90140-7.
Rochefort, C., Lefort, J. M., and Rondi-Reig, L., “The cerebellum: a new key structure in the navigation system,” Front. Neural Circuits, 7, Article 35 (2013), https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2013.00035.
Rogers, T. D., Dickson, P. E., Heck, D. H., et al., “Connecting the dots of the cerebro-cerebellar role in cognitive function: neuronal pathways for cerebellar modulation of dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex,” Synapse, 65, No. 11, 1204–1212 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1002/syn.20960.
Rogers, T. D., Dickson, P. E., McKimm, E., et al., “Reorganization of circuits underlying cerebellar modulation of prefrontal cortical dopamine in mouse models of autism spectrum disorder,” Cerebellum, 12, No. 4, 547–556 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1007/s12311-013-0462-2.
Romano, V., De Propris, L., Bosman, L. W., et al., “Potentiation of cerebellar Purkinje cells facilitates whisker reflex adaptation through increased simple spike activity,” eLife, 7, e38852 (2018), https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.38852.
Santhouse, A. M., Howard, R. J., and Ffytche, D. H., “Visual hallucinatory syndromes and the anatomy of the visual brain,” Brain, 123, Part 10, 2055–2064 (2000), https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/123.10.2055.
Schonewille, M., Gao, Z., Boele, H. J., et al., “Reevaluating the role of LTD in cerebellar motor learning,” Neuron, 70, No. 1, 43–50 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2011.02.044.
Schwabe, L., “Memory under stress: from single systems to network changes,” Eur. J. Neurosci., 45, No. 4, 478–489 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.13478.
Sergin, V. Ya., “Autoidentification of patterns of neuron activity as a physiological mechanism of consciousness,” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat., 66, No. 3, 259–278 (2016), https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044467716020076.
Sha, Z., Edmiston, E. K., Versace, A., et al., “Functional disruption of cerebello-thalamo-cortical networks in obsessive-compulsive disorder,” Biol. Psychiatry Cogn. Neurosci. Neuroimaging, 5, No. 4, 438–447 (2020a), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.12.002.
Sha, Z., Versace, A., Edmiston, E. K., et al., “Functional disruption in prefrontal-striatal network in obsessive-compulsive disorder,” Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging, 300, 111081 (2020b), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111081.
Silkis, I. G. and Markevich, V. A., “Possible mechanisms of the influences of the supramammillary nuclei on the functioning of the dentate gyrus and hippocampal field CA2 (the role of disinhibition),” Neirokhimiya, 37, No. 4, 328–337 (2020), https://doi.org/10.31857/S1027813320040111.
Silkis, I. G., “A possible mechanism for suppression of nocturnal nightmares in post-traumatic stress disorder and approaches to their prevention,” Neirokhimiya, 36, No. 4, 275–291 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1134/S1027813319030129.
Silkis, I. G., “A possible mechanism for the influences of neuromodulators and modified inhibition on long-term potentiation and depression of the excitatory inputs to hippocampal main neurons,” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat., 52, No. 4, 392–405 (20022).
Silkis, I. G., “Advantages of hierarchical generalization and storage of representations of ‘object–place’ associations in hippocampal fields (a hypothesis),” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat., 61, No. 6, 645–663 (2010).
Silkis, I. G., “Mechanisms of the mutual influences of the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala on the functioning of the basal ganglia and selection of behavior,” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat., 64, No. 1, 82–100 (2014), https://doi.org/10.7868/S0044467714010110.
Silkis, I. G., “The influence of dopamine on the mutual functioning of the cerebellum, basal ganglia, and neocortex (a hypothetical mechanism),” Usp. Fiziol. Nauk., 52, No. 1, 49–63 (2021), https://doi.org/10.31857/S0301179821010094.
Silkis, I. G., “The role of the basal ganglia in processing complex sound stimuli and auditory attention,” Usp. Fiziol., 46, No. 3, 76–92 (2015).
Silkis, I. G., “The role of the basal ganglia in the occurrence of visual hallucinations (a hypothetical mechanism),” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat., 55, No. 5, 592–607 (2005).
Silkis, I. G., “The role of the basal ganglia in the occurrence of dreams in paradoxical sleep (a hypothetical mechanism),” Zh. Vyssh. Nerv. Deyat., 56, No. 1, 5–21 (2006).
Silkis, I. G., “The unitary modification rules for neural networks with excitatory and inhibitory synaptic plasticity,” Biosystems, 48, No. 1–3, 205–213 (1998), https://doi.org/10.1016/s0303-2647(98)00067-7.
Silkis, I. G., The contribution of dopamine to hippocampal functioning in spatial learning (a hypothetical mechanism),” Neirokhimiya, 33, No. 1, 1–14 (2016), https://doi.org/10.7868/S1027813316010131.
Silkis, I., “A hypothetical role of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loops in visual processing,” Biosystems, 89, No. 1–3, 227–235 (2007), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystems.2006.04.020.
Silkis, I., “Interrelated modification of excitatory and inhibitory synapses in three-layer olivary-cerebellar neural network,” Biosystems, 54, No. 3, 141–149 (2000), https://doi.org/10.1016/s0303-2647(99)00075-1.
Silkis, I., “The cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit with synaptic plasticity. II. Mechanism of synergistic modulation of thalamic activity via the direct and indirect pathways through the basal ganglia,” Biosystems, 59, No. 1, 7–14 (2001), https://doi.org/10.1016/s0303-2647(00)00135-0.
Snider, R. S. and Maiti, A., “Cerebellar contributions to the Papez circuit,” J. Neurosci. Res., 2, No. 2, 133–146 (1976), https://doi.org/10.1002/jnr.490020204.
Stoerig, P., “The neuroanatomy of phenomenal vision: a psychological perspective,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 929, 176–194 (2001), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05716.x.
Tecuapetla, F., Jin, X., Lima, S. Q., and Costa, R. M., “Complementary contributions of striatal projection pathways to action initiation and execution,” Cell, 166, No. 3, 703–715 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.06.032.
van den Heuvel, M. P. and Sporns, O., “Rich-club organization of the human connectome,” J. Neurosci., 31, No. 44, 15775–15786 (2011), https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3539-11.2011.
van Es, D. M., van der Zwaag, W., and Knapen, T., “Topographic maps of visual space in the human cerebellum,” Curr. Biol., 29, No. 10, 1689–1694.e3 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.012.
Van Groen, T. and Wyss, J. M., “Connections of the retrosplenial granular b cortex in the rat,” J. Comp. Neurol., 463, No. 3, 249–263 (2003), https://doi.org/10.1002/cne.10757.
Vatansever, D., Manktelow, A. E., Sahakian, B. J., et al., “Cognitive flexibility: A default network and basal ganglia connectivity perspective,” Brain Connect., 6, No. 3, 201–207 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1089/brain.2015.0388.
Vatansever, D., Manktelow, A. E., Sahakian, B. J., et al., “Angular default mode network connectivity across working memory load,” Hum. Brain Mapp., 38, No. 1, 41–52 (2017), https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23341.
Vatansever, D., Menon, D. K., Manktelow, A. E., et al., “Default mode dynamics for global functional integration,” J. Neurosci., 35, No. 46, 15254–15262 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2135-15.2015.
Vitale, F., Mattei, C., Capozzo, A., et al., “Cholinergic excitation from the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus to the dentate nucleus in the rat,” Neuroscience, 317, 12–22 (2016), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.055.
Wang, X., Xu, M., Song, Y., et al., “The network property of the thalamus in the default mode network is correlated with trait mindfulness,” Neuroscience, 278, 291–301 (2014), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.006.
Wang, Z.-M., Wei, P.-H., Shan, Y., et al., “Identifying and characterizing projections from the subthalamic nucleus to the cerebellum in humans,” NeuroImage, 210, 116573 (2020), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116573.
Watson, T. C., Obiang, P., Torres-Herraez, A., et al., “Anatomical and physiological foundations of cerebello-hippocampal interaction,” eLife, 8, e41896 (2019), https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.41896.
Wichmann, T., “Changing views of the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism,” Mov. Disord., 34, No. 8, 1130–1143 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.27741.
Wikgren, J., Nokia, M. S., and Penttonen, M., “Hippocampo-cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits,” Neuroscience, 165, No. 4, 1538–1545 (2010), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.11.044.
Wu, T. and Hallett, M., “The cerebellum in Parkinson’s disease,” Brain, 136, Part 3, 696–709 (2013), https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/aws360.
Wyss, J. M. and Van Groen, T., “Connections between the retrosplenial cortex and the hippocampal formation in the rat: a review,” Hippocampus, 2, No. 1, 1–11 (1992), https://doi.org/10.1002/hipo.450020102.
Xu, T. X., Ma, Q., Spealman, R. D., and Yao, W. D., “Amphetamine modulation of long-term potentiation in the prefrontal cortex: dose dependency, monoaminergic contributions, and paradoxical rescue in hyperdopaminergic mutant,” J. Neurochem., 115, No. 6, 1643–1654 (2010), https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07073.x.
Xu, X. M., Jiao, Y., Tang, T. Y., et al., “Dissociation between cerebellar and cerebral neural activities in humans with long-term bilateral sensorineural hearing loss,” Neural Plast., 2019, 8354849 (2019), https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8354849.
Yin, Y., Hou, Z., Wang, X., et al., “Association between altered resting-state cortico-cerebellar functional connectivity networks and mood/cognition dysfunction in late-onset depression,” J. Neural Transm. (Vienna), 122, No. 6, 887–896 (2015), https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-014-1347-3.
Yu, W. and Krook-Magnuson, E., “Cognitive collaborations: bidirectional functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the hippocampus,” Front. Syst. Neurosci., 9, 177 (2015), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnsys.2015.00177.
Zhang, Y., Mao, Z., Feng, S., et al., “Altered functional networks in longterm unilateral hearing loss: A connectome analysis,” Brain Behav., 8, No. 2, e00912 (2018), https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.912.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel’nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 72, No. 1, pp. 36–54, January–February, 2022.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Silkis, I.G. Mechanisms of Functioning of the Connectome Including the Neocortex, Hippocampus, Basal Ganglia, Cerebellum, and Thalamus. Neurosci Behav Physi 52, 1017–1029 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-022-01330-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11055-022-01330-3