Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Sodium Choleate (NaCho) Effects on Candida albicans: Implications for Its Role as a Gastrointestinal Tract Inhabitant

  • Published:
Mycopathologia Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Candida albicans at times resides in the intestinal tract, where it experiences exposure to bile salts suggesting a study of the effects of crude bile salts in the form of sodium choleate (NaCho) on C. albicans growth, expression of virulent phenotypes, and adaptation to physiological challenges in vitro. Growth and phenotype alteration was examined by challenging clinical isolates of C. albicans with a wide range of NaCho concentrations by using conventional microbial physiology methods. Our results showed that (1) NaCho did not inhibit growth of yeast cells, up to 40 mg/ml; (2) NaCho powerfully stimulated the hypha formation; (3) NaCho at 2.5 and 5 mg/ml significantly induced CDR1p and biofilm formation, but these effects decreased at higher NaCho concentrations; (4) loss of cell integrity with exposure to 56°C for 15 min, was exacerbated by increasing levels of NaCho; (5) NaCho protected yeast from hydrogen peroxide damage in a dose-dependent manner; and (6) catalase activity was increased by NaCho exposure.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Twetman S, Stecksén-Blicks C. Probiotics and oral health effects in children. Int J Paediatr Dent. 2008;18:3–10.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Fidel PL Jr. Immunity to Candida. Oral Dis. 2002;8(Suppl 2):69–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Donders GG, Prenen H, Verbke G, Reybrouck R. Impaired tolerance for glucose in women with recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Am J Obsetet Gynec. 2002;187:989–93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Fidel PL, Cutright J, Steele C. Effects of reproductive hormones on experimental vaginal candidiasis. Infect Immun. 2000;68:651–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Rosa EA, Rached RN, Ignacio SA, Rosa RT, JoseDaSilva W, Yau JY, et al. Phenotypic evaluation of the effect of anaerobiosis on some virulence attributes of Candida albicans. J Med Micro. 2008;57:1277–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Ramirez-Zavala B, Reuss O, Park YN, Ohlsen K, Morschhauser J. Environmental induction of white-opaque switching in Candida albicans. PLOS Pathogens. 2008;4:e1000089.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. McCool L, Mai H, Essmann M, Larsen B. Tetracycline effects on Candida albicans virulence factors. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2008;2008:493508.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Zhang XQ, Essmann M, Burt E, Larsen B. Estrogen effects on Candida albicans: A potential virulence-regulating mechanism. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:1441–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Gujjar P, Finucane M, Larsen B. The effect of estradiol on Candida albicans growth. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 1997;27:151–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Karnani N, Gaur NA, Jha S, Puri N, Krishnamurthy S, Goswami SK, et al. SRE1 and SRE2 are two specific steroid-responsive modules of Candida drug resistance gene 1 (CDR1) promoter. Yeast. 2004;21:219–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Bernhardt H, Knoke M. Mycological aspects of gastrointestinal microflora. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1997;222:102–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zwolińska-Wcisło M, Budak A, Trojanowska D, Bogdał J, Stachura J. Fungal colonization of the stomach and its clinical relevance. Mycoses. 1998;41:327–34.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Marshall JC, Christou NV, Meakins JL. The gastrointestinal tract. The “undrained abscess” of multiple organ failure. Ann Surg. 1993;218:111–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Marshall SE, Marples BA, Salt WG, Stretton RJ Aspects of the effect of bile salts on Candida albicans. J Med Vet Mycol. 1987;25:307–18.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Domagk D, Bisping G, Poremba C, Fegeler W, Domschke W, Menzel J. Common bile duct obstruction due to candidiasis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2001;6:444–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. DeSeta F, Schmidt M, Vu B, Essmann M, Larsen B. Antifungal mechanisms supporting boric acid therapy of Candida vaginitis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009;63:325–36.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Larsen B, Anderson S, Brockman A, Essmann M, Schmidt M. Key physiologic differences in Candida albicans CDR1 induction by steroid hormones and antifungal drugs. Yeast. 2006;23:795–802.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Colling L, Carter RN, Essmann M, Larsen B. Evaluation of relative yeast cell surface hydrophobicity measured by flow cytometry. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2005;13:43–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Dowling RH. Review: pathogenesis of gallstones. Ailment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14(Suppl 2):39–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Livingston SJ, Kominos SD, Yee RB. New medium for selection and presumptive identification of the Bacteroides fragilis group. Clin Microbiol. 1978;7:448–53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Inoue S, Wirman JA, Alexander JW, Trocki O, Cardell RR. Candida albicans translocation across the gut mucosa following burn injury. J Surg Res. 1988;44:479–92.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Wu YJ, Chen DW, Liu JL, Zhang JH, Luo HS, Cui S. Estradiol promotes pituitary cell proliferations and gonadotroph differentiation at different doses and with different mechanisms in chick embryo. Steroids. 2009;74:441–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Drake University, Des Moines, IA, USA

    Bao Vu

  2. Ryan Hall 209, Des Moines University, 3200 Grand Avenue, Des Moines, IA, 50312, USA

    Michael Essmann & Bryan Larsen

Authors
  1. Bao Vu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michael Essmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Bryan Larsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bryan Larsen.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Vu, B., Essmann, M. & Larsen, B. Sodium Choleate (NaCho) Effects on Candida albicans: Implications for Its Role as a Gastrointestinal Tract Inhabitant. Mycopathologia 169, 183–191 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-009-9248-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11046-009-9248-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation