Abstract
Agriculture is considered as the important field which makes its huge contribution over the country’s economic growth. The yield of food crops and the precise categorization of crops based on several characteristics are of primary importance in this agricultural industry. However, due to a lack of an effective classification method, this industry has significant issues correctly classifying the crops. In addition, classifying food crops using data mining is highly efficient as these techniques can deal with huge amounts of crop data. To this extent, this paper proposes an efficient classification model based on the cropland data extracted from the cropland images. Initially, the dataset is pre-processed based on data-mining techniques like data cleaning and data discretization. Then, the data are clustered based on their relevance using an Improved Density-based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (IDBSCAN) clustering technique. Finally, classification is performed accurately using the Adaptive Capsule Transient Auto-Encoder (ACTAE). The experimental validation of a proposed approach proved its efficiency over the other existing models with an overall accuracy rate of 97% which is incomparable to the other crop classification models implemented over the cropland dataset.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
No data availability.
Change history
16 December 2023
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17833-1
References
Hu Q, Sulla-Menashe D, Xu B, Yin H, Tang H, Yang P, Wu W (2019) A phenology-based spectral and temporal feature selection method for crop mapping from satellite time series. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 80:218–229
Feng S, Zhao J, Liu T, Zhang H, Zhang Z, Guo X (2019) Crop type identification and mapping using machine learning algorithms and sentinel-2 time series data. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Observ Remote Sens 12(9):3295–3306
Palanivel K, Surianarayanan C (2019) An approach for prediction of crop yield using machine learning and big data techniques. Int J Comput Eng Technol 10(3):110–118
Khosravi I, Alavipanah SK (2019) A random forest-based framework for crop mapping using temporal, spectral, textural and polarimetric observations. Int J Remote Sens 40(18):7221–7251
Zhang C, Di L, Lin L, Guo L (2019) Machine-learned prediction of annual crop planting in the US Corn Belt based on historical crop planting maps. Comput Electron Agric 166:104989
Wang S, Azzari G, Lobell DB (2019) Crop type mapping without field-level labels: Random forest transfer and unsupervised clustering techniques. Remote Sens Environ 222:303–317
Su J, Coombes M, Liu C, Zhu Y, Song X, Fang S, Guo L, Chen WH (2020) Machine learning-based crop drought mapping system by UAV remote sensing RGB imagery. Unmanned Syst 8(01):71–83
Kogan F, Guo W, Yang W (2019) Drought and food security prediction from NOAA new generation of operational satellites. Geomat Nat Haz Risk 10(1):651–666
Xu L, Chen N, Zhang X, Chen Z (2018) An evaluation of statistical, NMME and hybrid models for drought prediction in China. J Hydrol 566:235–249
Li H, Zhang C, Zhang S, Atkinson PM (2020) Crop classification from full-year fully-polarimetric L-band UAVSAR time-series using the Random Forest algorithm. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 87:102032
Mandal D, Kumar V, Rao YS (2022) An assessment of temporal RADARSAT-2 SAR data for crop classification using KPCA based support vector machine. Geocarto Int 37(6):1547–1559
Guo J, Li H, Ning J, Han W, Zhang W, Zhou ZS (2020) Feature dimension reduction using stacked sparse auto-encoders for crop classification with multi-temporal, quad-pol SAR Data. Remote Sens 12(2):321
Sun Y, Luo J, Wu J, Zhou Y, Liu H, Gao L, Dong W et al (2019) Synchronous response analysis of features for remote sensing crop classification based on optical and SAR time-series data. Sensors 19(19):4227
Kwak GH, Park CW, Ahn HY, Na SI, Lee KD, Park NW (2020) Potential of bidirectional long short-term memory networks for crop classification with multitemporal remote sensing images. Korean J Remote Sens 36(4):515–525
Khaki S, Wang L, Archontoulis SV (2020) A cnn-rnn framework for crop yield prediction. Front Plant Sci 10:1750
Li B, Yang W, Li X (2018) Application of combined model with DGM (1, 1) and linear regression in grain yield prediction. Grey systems: theory and application 8(1):25–34
Cooper M, Tang T, Gho C, Hart T, Hammer G, Messina C (2020) Integrating genetic gain and gap analysis to predict improvements in crop productivity. Crop Sci 60(2):582–604
Dang KB, Burkhard B, Windhorst W, Müller F (2019) Application of a hybrid neural-fuzzy inference system for mapping crop suitability areas and predicting rice yields. Environ Model Softw 114:166–180
Qais MH, Hasanien HM, Alghuwainem S (2020) Transient search optimization: a new meta-heuristic optimization algorithm. Appl Intell 50:3926–3941
Khan MMH, Muhammad NS, El-Shafie A (2020) Wavelet based hybrid ANN-ARIMA models for meteorological drought forecasting. J Hydrol 590:125380
Ali M, Deo RC, Downs NJ, Maraseni T (2018) Cotton yield prediction with Markov Chain Monte Carlo-based simulation model integrated with genetic programing algorithm: a new hybrid copula-driven approach. Agric For Meteorol 263:428–448
Agana NA, Homaifar A (2017) A hybrid deep belief network for long-term drought prediction. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Mining Big Data in Climate and Environment (MBDCE 2017), 17th SIAM International Conference on Data Mining (SDM 2017). Houston, TX, USA. 27–29
Yin L, You N, Zhang G, Huang J, Dong J (2020) Optimizing feature selection of individual crop types for improved crop mapping. Remote Sens 12(1):162
Song Q, Xiang M, Hovis C, Zhou Q, Lu M, Tang H, Wu W (2019) Object-based feature selection for crop classification using multi-temporal high-resolution imagery. Int J Remote Sens 40(5–6):2053–2068
Ma L, Fu T, Blaschke T, Li M, Tiede D, Zhou Z, Ma X, Chen D (2017) Evaluation of feature selection methods for object-based land cover mapping of unmanned aerial vehicle imagery using random forest and support vector machine classifiers. ISPRS Int J Geo Inf 6(2):51
Georganos S, Grippa T, Vanhuysse S, Lennert M, Shimoni M, Kalogirou S, Wolff E (2018) Less is more: Optimizing classification performance through feature selection in a very-high-resolution remote sensing object-based urban application. GIScience Remote Sens 55(2):221–242
Gao J, Liao W, Nuyttens D, Lootens P, Vangeyte J, Pižurica A, He Y, Pieters JG (2018) Fusion of pixel and object-based features for weed mapping using unmanned aerial vehicle imagery. Int J Appl Earth Obs Geoinf 67:43–53
Qais MH, Hasanien HM, Alghuwainem S (2020) Transient search optimization for electrical parameters estimation of photovoltaic module based on datasheet values. Energy Convers Manag 214:112904
Qais MH, Hasanien HM, Alghuwainem S (2020) Optimal transient search algorithm-based PI controllers for enhancing low voltage ride-through ability of grid-linked PMSG-based wind turbine. Electronics 9(11):1807
Yang N, Liu D, Feng Q, Xiong Q, Zhang L, Ren T, Zhao Y, Zhu D, Huang J (2019) Large-scale crop mapping based on machine learning and parallel computation with grids. Remote Sens 11(12):1500. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11121500
Tang Z, Wang H, Li X, Li X, Cai W, Han C (2020) An object-based approach for mapping crop coverage using multi-scale weighted and machine learning methods. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Observ Remote Sens 13:1700–1713. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS.2020.2983439
Akbari E, Darvishi Boloorani A, Neysani Samany N, Hamzeh S, Soufizadeh S, Pignatti S (2020) Crop mapping using random forest and particle swarm optimization based on multi-temporal sentinel-2. Remote Sens 12(9):1449
Hariharan S, Mandal D, Tirodkar S, Kumar V, Bhattacharya A, Lopez-Sanchez JM (2018) A novel phenology based feature subset selection technique using random forest for multitemporal PolSAR crop classification. IEEE J Sel Top Appl Earth Observ Remote Sens 11(11):4244–4258
Jia D, Gao P, Cheng C, Ye S (2020) Multiple-feature-driven co-training method for crop mapping based on remote sensing time series imagery. Int J Remote Sens 41(20):8096–8120
Nikfalazar S, Yeh CH, Bedingfield S, Khorshidi HA (2020) Missing data imputation using decision trees and fuzzy clustering with iterative learning. Knowl Inf Syst 62(6):2419–2437
Navas-Palencia G (2020) Optimal binning: mathematical programming formulation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2001.08025
Shen J, Hao X, Liang Z, Liu Y, Wang W, Shao L (2016) Real-time superpixel segmentation by DBSCAN clustering algorithm. IEEE Trans Image Process 25(12):5933–5942
Hashim FA, Hussain K, Houssein EH, Mabrouk MS, Al-Atabany W (2021) Archimedes optimization algorithm: a new metaheuristic algorithm for solving optimization problems. Appl Intell 51(3):1531–1551
Wang Z, Zheng L, Du W, Cai W, Zhou J, Wang J, Han X, He G (2019) A novel method for intelligent fault diagnosis of bearing based on capsule neural network. Complexity 2019:1–17
Chen J, Liu Z (2020) Mask dynamic routing to combined model of deep capsule network and U-Net. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 31(7):2653–2664
Venkatanaresh M, Kullayamma I (2022) A new approach for crop type mapping in satellite images using hybrid deep capsule auto encoder. Knowl-Based Syst 256:109881
Hamidi M, Safari A, Homayouni S, Hasani H (2022) Guided filtered sparse auto-encoder for accurate crop mapping from multitemporal and multispectral imagery. Agronomy 12(11):2615
Paul S, la Rosa LEC, Ghamisi P, Gloaguen R (2023) Unsupervised annual change detection from optical-SAR fused satellite image time-series using 3D-CAE. Int J Remote Sens 44(5):1628–1642
Funding
No funding is provided for the preparation of manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors have equal contributions in this work.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Consent to publish
All the authors involved in this manuscript give full consent for publication of this submitted article.
Conflict of interest
Author declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Competing interest
Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
The original online version of this article was revised: The original publication of this article contains incorrect author’s affiliation.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Madala, K., Prasad, M.S.G. Crop mapping through hybrid capsule transient auto-encoder technique based on radar features. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 43727–43757 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17327-0
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17327-0