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JPEG Bitstreams encryption with CPA-secure and file size reduction

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Abstract

An adaptive key of He’s scheme is generated based on the minimum coded unit histogram (MCUH) of an original image, which can improve the ability against the known-plaintext attack while achieving file size preservation and format compatibility. However, it is vulnerable to the chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) since the MCUH, which is unchanged during encryption, can be used to reproduce the adaptive key. To change the MCUH and reduce file size, some alternating current codes (ACCs) are randomly removed and reversibly embedded into the image by variable length code (VLC) mapping. Firstly, the threshold T, i.e., the maximum number of ACCs that can be removed while ensuring a reduced file size of encrypted JPEG image, is adaptively calculated after the monotonicity of VLC mapping is discussed. And then, according to the user’s key, the actual number of ACCs to be removed is randomly selected in the integer interval [1, T] to reduce the possibility of reproducing the adaptive key under CPA. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively improves the ability against CPA since the adaptive-key reproduction probability of the proposed scheme is reduced from 100% of He’s scheme to smaller than \(1.15\times {10}^{-1398}\). Moreover, the file size of the encrypted JPEG generated by the proposed scheme is smaller than that of He’s scheme and the original image.

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Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the GitHub repository, https://github.com/ytuayuan/ChangeMCUH.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Grant U1936113.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Information Science and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China

    Yuan Yuan & Hongjie He

  2. School of Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China

    Fan Chen

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  1. Yuan Yuan
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  2. Hongjie He
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  3. Fan Chen
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Correspondence to Fan Chen.

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Appendix

The Abbreviations of this paper is summarized in Table 6

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Yuan, Y., He, H. & Chen, F. JPEG Bitstreams encryption with CPA-secure and file size reduction. Multimed Tools Appl 83, 44833–44856 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-17154-3

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