Abstract
Sensors have been increasingly used for many ubiquitous computing applications such as asset location monitoring, visual surveillance, and human motion tracking. In such applications, it is important to place sensors such that every point of the target area can be sensed by more than one sensor. Especially, many practical applications require 3-coverage for triangulation, 3D hull building, and etc. Also, in order to extract meaningful information from the data sensed by multiple sensors, those sensors need to be placed not too close to each other—minimum separation requirement. To address the 3-coverage problem with the minimum separation requirement, our recent work (Kim et al. 2008) proposes two heuristic methods, so called, overlaying method and TRE-based method, which complement each other depending on the minimum separation requirement. For these two methods, we also provide mathematical analysis that can clearly guide us when to use the TRE-based method and when to use the overlaying method and also how many sensors are required. To make it self-contained, in this paper, we first revisit the two heuristic methods. Then, as an extension, we present an ILP-based optimal solution targeting for grid coverage. With this ILP-based optimal solution, we investigate how much close the two heuristic methods are to the optimal solution. Finally, this paper discusses the impacts of the proposed methods on real-deployed systems using two example sensor systems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that systematically addresses the 3-coverage problem with the minimum separation requirement.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai X, Kumar S, Yun Z, Xuan D, Lai TH (2006) Deploying wireless sensors to achieve both coverage and connectivity. In: Proceedings of ACM MobiHoc, Florence, May 2006, pp 131–142
Cardei M, Wu J, Lu M, Pervaiz MO (2005) Maximum network lifetime in wireless sensor networks with adjustable sensing ranges. In: Proceedings of IEEE international conference on wireless and mobile computing, networking and communications (WiMob), Montreal, August 2005
Chakrabarty K, Iyengar SS, Qi H, Cho E (2002) Grid coverage for surveillance and target location in distributed sensor networks. IEEE Trans Comput 51(12):1448–1453
Crossbow (2004) MCS Cricket Series (MCS410). http://www.xbow.com
Dhillon SS, Chakrabarty K (2003) Sensor placement for effective coverage and surveillance in distributed sensor networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE wireless communications and networking conference (WCNC), IEEE, Piscataway, pp 1609–1614
Esteban CH, Schmitt F (2002) Multi-stereo 3D object reconstruction. In: Proceedings of the first international symposium on 3D data processing visualization and transmission (3DPVT), Padova, June 2002, pp 159–166
Garey MR, Johnson DS (1979) A guide to the theory of NP-completeness: a guide to the theory of NP-completeness. Freeman, Nashville
Hefeeda M, Bagheri M (2007) Randomized k-coverage algorithms for dense sensor networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM. IEEE, Piscataway, pp 2376–2380
Heo N, Varshney P (2003) A distributed self spreading algorithm for mobile wireless sensor networks. In: Wireless communications and networking (WCNC), New Orleans, 16–20 March 2003
Howard A, Mataric MJ, Sukhatme GS (2002) An incremental self-deployment algorithm for mobile sensor networks. Auton Robots 13(2):113–126
Huang CF, Tseng YC (2003) The coverage problem in a wireless sensor network. In: Proceedings of ACM workshop on wireless sensor networks and applications (WSNA), San Diego, September 2003, pp 115–121
Huang CF, Tseng YC, Lo LC (2004) The coverage problem in three-dimensional wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE GLOBECOM. IEEE, Piscataway, pp 3182–3186
Iyengar R, Kar K, Banerjee S (2005) Low-coordination topologies for redundancy in sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on mobile ad hoc networking and computing (MobiHoc), Urbana-Champaign, 25–28 May 2005, pp 332–342
Kershner R (1939) The number of circles covering a set. Am J Math 61(3):665–671
Kim JE, Yoon MK, Han J, Lee CG (2008) Sensor placement for 3-coverage with minimum separation requirements. In: Proceedings of the 4th IEEE international conference on distributed computing in sensor systems (DCOSS), Santorini Island, 11–14 June 2008
Meguerdichian S, Koushanfar F, Potkonjak M, Srivastava M (2001) Coverage problems in wireless ad-hoc sensor networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE INFOCOM. IEEE, Piscataway, pp 1380–1387
Nam MY, Al-Sabbagh MZ, Lee CG (2006) Real-time indoor human/object tracking for inexpensive technology-based assisted living. In: Proceedings of IEEE real-time systems symposium (RTSS), Rio de Janeiro, 5–8 December 2006
Nam MY, Al-Sabbagh MZ, Kim JE, Yoon MK, Lee CG, Ha EY (2008) A real-time ubiquitous system for assisted living: combined scheduling of sensing and communication for real-time tracking. IEEE Trans Comput 57(6):795–808
Schwager M, Slotine JJE, Rus D (2007) Decentralized, adaptive control for coverage with networked robots. In: Proceedings of international conference on robotics and automation, Rome, April 2007
Schwager M, McLurkin J, Slotine JJE, Rus D (2008) From theory to practice: distributed coverage control experiments with groups of robots. In: Proceedings of international symposium on experimental robotics, Athens, July 2008
Tian D, Georganas ND (2002) A coverage-preserving node scheduling scheme for large wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of ACM workshop on wireless sensor networks and applications (WSNA), Atlanta, September 2002, pp 32–41
Wang Q, Zheng R, Tirumala A, Liu X, Sha L (2008) Lightning: a hard real-time, fast, and lightweight low-end wireless sensor election protocol for acoustic event localization. IEEE Trans Mob Comput 7(5):570–584
Wang X, Xing G, Zhang Y, Lu C, Pless R, Gill C (2003) Integrated coverage and connectivity configuration in wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on embedded networked sensor systems (SenSys), Los Angeles, 5–7 November 2003, pp 28–39
Wang YC, Hu CC, Tseng YC (2005) Efficient deployment algorithms for ensuring coverage and connectivity of wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of IEEE wireless internet conference (WICON). IEEE, Piscataway, pp 114–121
Xiaochun X, Sartaj S (2007) Approximation algorithms for sensor deployment. IEEE Trans Comput 56(12):1681–1695
Yang S, Dai F, Cardei M, Wu J (2006) On connected multiple point coverage in wireless sensor networks. J Wirel Inf Netw 13(4):289–301
Zhou Z, Das S, Gupta H (2004) Connected k-coverage problem in sensor networks. In: Proceedings of international conference on computer communications and networks (ICCCN), Chicago, 11–13 October 2004
Acknowledgement
This work was supported by the IT R&D program of MKE/IITA [2008-F-045-01].
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
A preliminary version of this paper is published in DCOSS 2008.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kim, JE., Han, J. & Lee, CG. Optimal 3-Coverage with Minimum Separation Requirements for Ubiquitous Computing Environments. Mobile Netw Appl 14, 556–570 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-008-0122-9
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11036-008-0122-9