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Understanding crosstalk of organ tropism, tumor microenvironment and noncoding RNAs in breast cancer metastasis

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Abstract

Cancer metastasis is one of the major clinical challenges worldwide due to limited existing effective treatments. Metastasis roots from the host organ of origin and gradually migrates to different regional and distant organs. In different breast cancer subtypes, different organs like bones, liver, lungs and brain are targeted by the metastatic tumor cells. Cancer renders mortality to their respective metastasizing sites like bones, brain, liver, and lungs. Metastatic breast cancers are best treated and managed if detected at an early stage. Metastasis is regulated by various molecular activators and suppressors. The conventional theory of ‘seed and soil’ states that metastatic tumor cells move to tumor microenvironment that has favorable conditions like blood flow for them to grow just like seeds grows when planted in fertile land. Additionally, different coding as well as non-coding RNAs play a very significant role in the process of metastasis by modulating their expression levels leading to a crosstalk of various tumorigenic cascades. Treatments for metastasis is also very critical in controlling this lethal process. Detecting breast cancer metastasis at an early stage is crucial for managing and predicting metastatic progression. In this review, we have compiled several factors that can be targeted to manage the onset and gradual stages of breast cancer metastasis.

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Data availability

All data supporting the findings of this study are available within the paper and its Supplementary Information.

Abbreviations

BC:

Breast Cancer

TNBC:

Triple negative Breast Cancer

CA:

Cancer Antigen

CEA:

Carcinoembryonic Antigen

TMs:

Tumor markers

CTCs:

Circulating tumor cells

OS:

Overall survival

TCs:

Tumor cells

ncRNAs:

Non-coding RNAs

TME:

Tumor microenvironment

TDSFs:

Tumor-derived soluble factors

BMDCs:

Bone marrow-derived cells

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

PIGF:

Placental growth factor

BMDCs:

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

BCCs:

Breast Cancer Cells

LOXL:

Lysyl oxidase like

MMP:

Matrix Metalloproteinase

PPP:

Pentose phosphate

BBB:

Blood brain barrier

TEM:

Transendothelial migration

TJs:

Tight junctions

IL:

Interleukin

uPA:

Urokinase plasminogen activator

L1CAM:

L1 cell adhesion molecule

NF-κB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells

TNFα:

Tumor necrosis factor alpha

TGFβ:

Tumor growth factor beta

cGAMP:

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate

INF:

Interferon

STAT1:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1

EMT:

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

MET:

Mesenchymal to epithelial transition

ECs:

Endothelial cells

PTHrP:

Parathyroid hormone-related protein

EGF:

Endothelial growth factor

IGFs:

Insulin-like growth factors

SDFs:

Stromal cells derived factors

iMCs:

Immature myeloid cells

CAFs:

Cancer associated fibroblasts

MDSCs:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

BCBM:

BC Brain Metastasis

BCLM:

BC Liver Metastasis

Treg:

Regulatory T cells

MDSCs:

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells

NOD/SCID:

Nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency

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    Sohini Chakraborty & Satarupa Banerjee

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Chakraborty, S., Banerjee, S. Understanding crosstalk of organ tropism, tumor microenvironment and noncoding RNAs in breast cancer metastasis. Mol Biol Rep 50, 9601–9623 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08852-0

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