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The rising threat of geminiviruses: molecular insights into the disease mechanism and mitigation strategies

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Abstract

Background

Geminiviruses are among the most threatening emerging plant viruses, accountable for a huge loss to agricultural production worldwide. These viruses have been responsible for some serious outbreaks during the last few decades across different parts of the world. Sincere efforts have been made to regulate the disease incidence by incorporating a multi-dimensional approach, and this process has been facilitated greatly by the advent of molecular techniques. But, the mixed infection due to the polyphagous nature of vectors results in viral recombination followed by the emergence of novel viral strains which thus renders the existing mitigation strategies ineffective. Hence, a multifaceted insight into the molecular mechanism of the disease is really needed to understand the regulatory points; much has been done in this direction during the last few years. The present review aims to explore all the latest developments made so far and to organize the information in a comprehensive manner so that some novel hypotheses for controlling the disease may be generated.

Methods and Results

Starting with the background information, diverse genera of geminiviruses are listed along with their pathological and economic impacts. A comprehensive and detailed mechanism of infection is elaborated to study the interactions between vector, host, and virus at different stages in the life cycle of geminiviruses. Finally, an effort isalso made to analyze the progress made at the molecular level for the development of various mitigation strategies and suggest more effective and better approaches for controlling the disease.

Conclusion

The study has provided a thorough understanding of molecular mechanism of geminivirus infection.

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Data availability

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

AmiRNA:

Artificial micro-RNA

AYVV:

Azeratum yellow vein virus

AZP:

Artificial zinc finger protein

BCTV:

Beet curly top virus

BeYDV:

Bean yellow dwarf virus

BGMV:

Bean golden mosaic virus

BSCTV:

Beet severe curly top virus

CaLCuV:

Cabbage leaf curl virus

CLCuV:

Cotton leaf curl virus

CLCuMuV:

Cotton leaf curl Multan virus

CLE:

Conserved late element

CMGs:

Cassava mosaic geminiviruses

CMV:

Cassava mosaic virus

CP:

Coat protein

CRISPR-Cas9:

Clustered repeated interspersed short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated protein 9

dsDNA:

Double stranded DNA

ICMV:

Indian cassava mosaic virus

ICTV:

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses

IR:

Intergenic region

MCM2:

Minichromosome maintenance protein

MeMV:

Merremia mosaic virus

miRNA:

Micro-RNA

MP:

Movement protein

MSV:

Maize sreak virus

MYMIV:

Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus

NES:

Nuclear export signal

NIG:

NSP-interacting GTPase

NISP:

NSP-interacting syntaxin domain-containing protein

NLS:

Nuclear localizing signal

NPC:

Nuclear pore complex

NSP:

Nuclear shuttle protein

nts.:

Nucleotides

ORFs:

Open reading frames

ori:

Origin of replication

PCNA:

Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

PDR:

Pathogen derived resistance

RAD:

DNA repair protein

RBR:

Retinoblastoma related protein

RCR:

Rolling circle replication

REn:

Replication enhancer

Rep:

Replication

RFC:

Replication factor C

RNAi:

RNA interference

RPA:

Replication protein A

siRNA:

Small interfering RNA

SLCMV:

Shri Lankan cassava mosaic virus

ssDNA:

Single stranded DNA

ssRNA:

Single stranded RNA

TALEs:

Transcription activator like effectors

TbCSV:

Tobacco curly shoot virus

TMV:

Tomato mottle virus

ToCMoV:

Tomato chlorotic mottle virus

TYLCV:

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

TrAP:

Transcriptional activator protein

TYCYnV:

Tomato leaf curl Yunnan virus

TYLCCNV:

Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus

TYLCSV:

Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus

vDNA:

Viral DNA

VIGE:

Virus inducible gene editing

VIGS:

Virus induced gene silencing

ZFN:

Zinc finger nuclease

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the Department of Biotechnology, CDLU, Sirsa-125055 for all the support.

Funding

Not applicable.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Devi Lal University, Sirsa, Haryana, 125055, India

    Heena Jain, Shiwani Chahal, Inderjeet Singh & Priyanka Siwach

  2. Central Institute of Cotton Research, Regional Station, Sirsa, Haryana, 125055, India

    Satish Kumar Sain

Authors
  1. Heena Jain
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  2. Shiwani Chahal
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  3. Inderjeet Singh
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  4. Satish Kumar Sain
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  5. Priyanka Siwach
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Contributions

PS conceived the idea. PS and SKS developed the paper outlay. HJ, SC and IS carried out the exploration and organization of literature. HJ carried out the writing part of the paper.

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Correspondence to Priyanka Siwach.

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Jain, H., Chahal, S., Singh, I. et al. The rising threat of geminiviruses: molecular insights into the disease mechanism and mitigation strategies. Mol Biol Rep 50, 3835–3848 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08266-y

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