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Antibiotic-Peptide Conjugation Against Multi-drug Resistant Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review for Therapeutics and Drug Delivery Strategies

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Abstract

A global public health crisis has been created by the emergence of serious infectious illnesses, the rising prevalence of infections that are impenetrable to antibiotics (AMR), and an inadequate supply of novel antibiotics. The expansion of antimicrobial drugs with unique molecular scaffolds is a time-consuming and cost-effective approach at the recent trend. On the other hand, the long-term exploitation of conventional antibiotics sparked the emergence of “superbugs” that are multi-drug resistant and are responsible for more deaths than HIV. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are short peptides of natural innate defensive role against invading pathogens. Due to their broad spectrum of activity and low tendency to bacterial resistance, it can be recognized as one of the most potential antimicrobials. AMPs are opposed to conventional antibiotics, and it has their own benefits. AMPs use a wide range of mechanisms to exert their effects, including cell membrane damage, DNA fragmentation, impair macromolecule synthesis, damage to cell organelles, enzyme inhibition, and potential antimicrobial activity through immune regulation mechanisms. The main drawback of employing AMPs is the natural occurrence and are less stable and more toxic. Hence, to maintain this short-lived peptide’s stability and multifunctional action, small-molecule antibiotic-peptide conjugates (APCs) are crucial. This review focuses on the types, mechanisms, pharmaceutical applications, and APCs approach to treat infections with multiple drug resistance and concludes the potential of AMPs in biomedical practice and in drug delivery.

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Acknowledgements

This research work was supported by Sri Shanmugha College of Engineering and Technology, Tamil Nadu, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, KTR campus, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India

    Karuppanan Kalimuthu

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sri Shanmugha College of Engineering and Technology, Sankari, Salem District, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 637304, India

    N. R. Srinivasan

  3. Department of Chemistry, Sri Shanmugha College of Engineering and Technology, Sankari, Salem District, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 637304, India

    G. Govindarajan

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  3. G. Govindarajan
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KK: writing draft, review. NRS: Technical correction, editing and validation. GGG: Supervision, conceptualization and validation.

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Kalimuthu, K., Srinivasan, N.R. & Govindarajan, G. Antibiotic-Peptide Conjugation Against Multi-drug Resistant Pathogens: A Comprehensive Review for Therapeutics and Drug Delivery Strategies. Int J Pept Res Ther 29, 91 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10989-023-10561-y

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