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Soil fauna through the landscape window: factors shaping surface-and soil-dwelling communities across spatial scales in cork-oak mosaics

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Abstract

Context

The role of ecological processes governing community structure are dependent on the spatial distances among local communities and the degree of habitat heterogeneity at a given spatial scale. Also, they depend on the dispersal ability of the targeted organisms collected throughout a landscape window.

Objectives

We assessed the relative importance of spatial and environmental factors shaping edaphic (Collembola) and epigeous (Carabidae) communities at different scales.

Methods

The sampling sites were four different landscape windows (1 km2 square each) in a Mediterranean cork-oak landscape in Portugal. Variance partitioning methods were used to disentangle the relative effects of spatial variables and environmental variables (habitat: data on  % of vegetation cover types; management: data on forestry and pasture interventions; landscape: data on landscape metrics e.g., patch size, shape and configuration) across different spatial scales.

Results

The relative effects of environmental and spatial factors at different scales varied between Collembola and Carabidae. The pure effect of the environmental component was only significant for carabid beetles and explained a higher percentage of their community variance compared to collembolan communities. The pure effects of the spatial component were generally higher than the environmental component for both groups of soil fauna. Carabid communities responded to landscape features related to the patch connectivity of open areas (grasslands) as well as the shape of cork-oak habitat patches integrating the agro-forest mosaic.

Conclusions

Community patterns of surface-dwelling soil fauna may be partly predicted by some features of the landscape, while soil-dwelling communities require ecological assessments at finer spatial scales.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to António Keating, Filipa Calhôa, Marco Lemos, Catarina Castro and Tiago Luz for their assistance during field work and sorting soil fauna are indebted to Manuela da Gama, Cristina Pinto and Carlos Aguiar for their assistance in the identification of Collembola and Carabidae, and to Eva Ivitis for the extraction of landscape parameters in FRAGSTATS. We are very thankful to two anonymous reviewers who helped us to improve a previous version of the manuscript. This work was supported by the EU BIOASSESS project (Contract No. EVK4—1999-00280) and the RUBICODE Coordination Action Project (Contract No. 036890). P. Martins da Silva was supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/37976/2007).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martins de Freitas, Coimbra, 3000-456, Portugal

    Pedro Martins da Silva, António Alves da Silva & José Paulo Sousa

  2. Department of Ecological Science, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, Netherlands

    Pedro Martins da Silva & Matty P. Berg

  3. Centre for Applied Ecology Prof. Baeta Neves, Institute of Agronomy, Technical University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisbon, 1349-017, Portugal

    Susana Dias & Pedro J. Leitão

  4. Geomatic Lab, Geography Department, Humboldt-Universitätzu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 16, 12489, Berlin, Germany

    Pedro J. Leitão

  5. Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Università di Torino, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123, Torino, Italy

    Dan Chamberlain

  6. Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland

    Jari Niemelä

  7. Centre for Environmental Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Rua Ernesto de Vasconcelos Ed. C2-2ºPiso, Campo Grande, Lisbon, 1749-016, Portugal

    Pedro Martins da Silva & Artur R. M. Serrano

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  1. Pedro Martins da Silva
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Martins da Silva, P., Berg, M.P., da Silva, A.A. et al. Soil fauna through the landscape window: factors shaping surface-and soil-dwelling communities across spatial scales in cork-oak mosaics. Landscape Ecol 30, 1511–1526 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-015-0206-4

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