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Synthesis, characterization and degradation studies of eco-friendly composites from thermoset resins with pistachio shell waste

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Abstract

The increased interest in the use of polymer composites with natural, biodegradable and renewable fillers is the result of increased awareness of the environment. Therefore, the search for new materials that meet the above expectations is becoming a current issue. The article presents the results of research on composites containing pistachio shells (Pistacia vera L.), which are common agricultural waste, with unsaturated polyester resin based on post-consumer recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) and vinyl ester resin based on bisphenol-A. The environmentally friendly polymeric cobalt solution was used as the accelerator. In order to study the degradation of the composites, accelerated ageing, immersion in various solvents, and high temperature were used. From the obtained results, it can be observed that accelerated aging resulted in the additional cross-linking of the resin, while the filler absorbed the UV light. During immersion, the polymer matrix was degraded in acetone, whereas the incorporation of pistachio increases its water sorption and the plasticisation effect was also observed. The alkali environment initiated the hydrolysis of ester linkages. The vinyl ester resin-based materials were more chemically and thermally resistant than those from the unsaturated polyester.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express their appreciation to LERG S.A. (Pustków, Poland) for supplying the vinyl ester resin and the unsaturated polyester resin based on recycled PET.

Funding

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Gliniana 33, 20-614, Lublin, Poland

    Przemysław Pączkowski & Barbara Gawdzik

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  1. Przemysław Pączkowski
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  2. Barbara Gawdzik
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Contributions

P. Pączkowski contributed to conceptualization, formal analysis and investigation, methodology, visualization, writing—original draft preparation, and writing—review and editing. B. Gawdzik contributed to formal analysis and investigation, supervision, and writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Przemysław Pączkowski.

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Pączkowski, P., Gawdzik, B. Synthesis, characterization and degradation studies of eco-friendly composites from thermoset resins with pistachio shell waste. J Therm Anal Calorim 149, 2789–2804 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-023-12872-0

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