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The use of sol–gel processes in the development of supported catalysts

  • Review Paper: Sol–gel and hybrid materials for catalytic, photoelectrochemical and sensor applications
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Abstract

The use of sol–gel processes is discussed in the development of silica-supported/encapsulated catalysts applied for dry methane reforming (DRM), hydrogenation, hydrolysis, oxidation, photocatalysis and polymerization processes. The systems are discussed in terms of their synthesis routes and performance/applications. Base-catalyzed sol–gel is the most commonly used route among hydrolytic and nonhydrolytic processes, and it results in spherical and compact encapsulated catalysts. Moreover, microspherical, microcapsule and bimetallic core catalysts are exclusive to this route. New methods that use mild conditions for oxidation via enzymes and yeast cells are reported; these methods use a basic route followed by a neutral pH step with no alcohol formation. Nonhydrolytic routes are still relevant for the encapsulation of metallocenes. Silica encapsulation enables a broad range of applications for supported catalysts; therefore, industrial catalyst innovation continues to yield catalysts made of more efficient and recyclable materials for applications ranging from the reformation of methane-forming syngas to biosensors obtained through biocatalytic activities via enzymes.

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Highlights

  • Research conducted within the last 5 years on the fabrication of supported catalysts using sol–gel routes is discussed.

  • Examples of sol–gel supported catalysts for dry methane reforming, hydrogenation, hydrolysis, oxidation, photocatalysis and polymerization are provided.

  • Encapsulation is aimed at providing supported catalysts that are stable and recyclable and have low production costs.

  • Mild conditions that involve the use of a two-step route, with a basic sol–gel route followed by a neutral pH step, show new possibilities for enzyme and yeast cell encapsulation.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financed by FAPERGS (Project 19/2551-0001869-0). AR is grateful for his PIBIC grant.

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Rex, A., dos Santos, J.H.Z. The use of sol–gel processes in the development of supported catalysts. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 105, 30–49 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-022-05975-x

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